The Image Narrative Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Image Narrative - Research Paper Example â€Å"Manga artist Mizuki Shigeru (b. 1922), creator of the famous supernatural series GeGeGe no Kitaro, is one individual who could not be blamed for feeling like a victim.†1 In fact, Shigeru lost his left arm in the war but sees himself, it seems, reflected through his art in the way that the war was torturous and terrible. The key players in the text include Japanese officials, as well as one character we see throughout the panels. They are both parodied, and the character guiding one through the panels who is the main character acts as though he knows nothing about WWII. The cartoon character which is parodied in the panel definitely adds to the overall tone of the piece, giving War and Japan a slightly humorous bent, although little about War and Japan is really humorous. The topic of the cartoon is carnage, massacre, disaster, and war—at their worst. The suffering of the Japanese people is aptly portrayed in this graphic cartoon, bringing the reader to a very dark place. In this sense, it is understood why the cartoon is offensive to some people, both to the Japanese and those who are not Japanese. This cartoon disturbs the reader, but with an overall intent to educate—not just to shock. That is the redeeming value of this cartoon, is that it seeks to educate its readers about the horrors of war as it relates to Japanese history, pre- and post-World War II. This cartoon exemplifies the suffering of the Japanese in different eras, that is supposed to enlighten the reader as to why the Japanese have a certain mindset regarding the war and its effects. III. Second Set of Questions (150 words) Images echo each other in this piece in the sense that violence mirrors itself continually through the piece, not only talking about the Nanking Massacre—but contrasting that with the atomic bomb that dropped on Hiroshima and the carnage that resulted in that. Not only that but, we see the overlap and evolution of soldiers having been sent of f to the South Pacific and Burma from Japan to fight in WWII, an often unseen added element about the War that Shigeru sheds light upon. The images are fixed in terms of being frozen in time, but there is definitely a sense of movement in the images, giving oneself an idea that it is like watching a little movie of World War II from a Japanese viewpoint. The images are more ambiguous when it comes to larger overviews, like the Nanking Massacre and one jungle scenes seen later in the panel. IV. Third Set of Questions (600 words) Sensory stimulation is paramount to War and Japan. The rhythm and pacing is switched up. At first, Shigeru shows us graphic images, and then gives our eyes a rest between graphic images to process what we have just seen, and then the cartoon character narrator tries to explain what is going on in the mind of ordinary Japanese people, bringing the reader back to a sense of normalcy—right before the next image is proffered on-screen. The larger pattern o f movement overall is a wax and wane, bringing us in peaks and valleys to a crescendo of realizing what it means to be a true Japanese—to â€Å"stand tall.† In this way, the progression from panel to panel is very cyclical, nonlinear, and evocative of an emotional rollercoaster in which Shigeru engages us. The turning point of the entire â€Å"cartoon,† if it can be called that—since one usually thinks of cartoons as more humorous than grotesque—is the massacre that occurs after the Manchu people are worked like slaves

Graphics page Essay Example for Free

Graphics page Essay Whether they are interested in tennis, if they are a fan and what events or players would they like to visit if possible. (Interests) Whether or not the person is interested in purchasing such a product that I will be making, and if so why not? * Do they have any suggestions or preferences in what they would like to buy or view from this merchandise? Why is this? * Do they appreciate merchandise such as posters and banners to be colourful, jazzy, plain or dark? The persons coloured and style preferences perhaps. Do they prefer products to have lots of text information or do they not? If yes, what should the content be about? E. g. ) The product or the purpose? Â  What sort of images and logos would they prefer to view on these pages, and in what background? E. g. ) Artistic, photographic, computerized, etc what will create the best effects for people to appreciate it and be attracted to what it is aiming to the audience. Â  What sort of advertisement methods would most attract them to the product either to purchase it or to view it even? Information such as this provided in the questionnaire results will be very important for me to analyse and use when designing and making my merchandise. I will definitely need to consider it, otherwise there is no point in making these products in such ways that will not attract people, please them or catch their interest to follow the purpose of the poster. The reason for making something is for it to appeal to peoples preferences and the purpose of my tennis poster is to attract people to view it and realise the development of the state-of-the-art tennis stadium. The merchandise acts as examples of what they can purchase at this newly proposed stadium and helps to promote generally. Therefore, I will need to consider aspects such as colour, texture, size, special effects aswell as the type of imagery, content and textual styles I should use in order for it to be portrayed as worthwhile. Therefore the research is essential for this practical area of my project to be good and relevant.

Social services and the Maori

Social services and the Maori Contribute to discharge of residents from residential care Assessment task 1 The Te Tiriti o Waitangi is an agreement established between Maori and British government in 1840. The main function of this agreement is to provide the legislation system protection for Maori people live within New Zealand from four critical issues, which are protection, participation, partnership and permission. However, it does not have the limitation that only works for Maori people, in additionally for all regions of people that living in New Zealand, which specific requires social services. Partnership Social service organizations must ensure that the needs of Maori are taken into account when interacting with Maori or when creating policy that could affect Maori. One key way to do this is through consultation or even better having Maori representatives on the steering committee or their Board. Maori leadership and management should be consulted when organizational policies are being decided on in order to ensure that they allow Maori to have rangatiratanga over their taonga. Te Tiriti o Waitangi applies in social services by ensuring that all social services have a bi-cultural perspective and recognise Te Tiriti. Protection Social service organizations must respect the right of Maori to enjoy their taonga in social service settings. To be able to make important decisions that are in their best interests. For example Maori have the protected right to make choices (Self Manage) that best serve their culture, their people that line with tika and kawa, their traditions and customary practices. Participation/permission There must be service accessibility for Maori. Te Tiriti applies in social services that Maori models of well-being (Te Whare Tapa Wha or other Maori health models) are utilized rather than workers using western models when working with Maori. Maori must be free to speak Te Reo Maori and to participate in any Maori spiritual or cultural practices if they wish to do so. Having brochures in te reo for Maori clients. All social services as well as society must respect their privacy and ask for permission before implements any action that relates to Maori people. Assessment task 2 Assessment task 3 Assessment task 4 Assessment task 5 During the process from discharge planning process, i have fully followed the Treaty of Waitangi and policies and procedures from the service such as the privacy act, the human rights, the confidentiality protocols as well as the Treaty of Waitangi. We have made the consideration of the client’s status and maintain the privacy and personal safety. I have fully analysis the client’s personal status such as health history, personal behavior, habits. The case of PG, read more of the notes from his social worker regarding how social service theory applied in this case. Social work knowledge, skills, and values. Human development through the life span taking into account the impact on the emotional development of PG. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Services applying an understanding of the social service provision available. Organization and management in the social services understanding my role in the discharge process, and the decision making structure of the organization. For example‘Quality through whose eyes, What quality social work looks like to young people in care’s by Jonelle Crawford. Providing the opportunity for PG to say what she thinks, what she needs, and what is working for her. YUTING SHEN ID: 13010123 01-10-2014

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea Essay

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poe's The City in the Sea Always mesmerizing, Edgar Allan Poe's poems range from deep and depressing to dark and grotesque. Certainly this is true of his poem â€Å"The City in the Sea,† which is dark in tone and ambiguous meaning. What does it mean, and where did Poe come up with his concept? There are many possible answers to this question, and interpretations include the phallic and yonic symbols of Freudian theory and the idea of biblical cities as source material exist. Therefore, it seems that critics cannot agree on a definite explication for the poem. Alice Claudel posits that there are mystic symbols in the poem and states that: â€Å"One can piece bits together and form the general narrative from II Chronicles, II Kings, and Daniel, among others† (56). The idea that Poe took his ideas from the bible is well founded, but he was too complex a poet to make his poetry that easy or that obvious. Another writer, Dwayne Thorpe, suggests Poe had Christian doctrine in mind when he wrote the poem, contending that Poe's sources were biblical in nature (395). He continues: â€Å"identification of it [biblical source] casts some infernal illumination on his use of a Christian work to create a nihilistic vision† (395). This goes back to Claudel's biblical association, but Thorpe ascribes the city a darker, more sinister meaning. While many critics look at â€Å"The City in the Sea† through a Freudian or biblical lens, a deconstructive approach reveals the image of Death's inverted Necropolis. Deconstruction is the art of ambiguity. The theory posits infinite interpretations to literary works, with most of them just as creative as the work itself. With so many interpretations, no one ... ...ing only becomes more deeply hidden. The complex maze of twisting, turning, and doubling back of Poe's work, specifically â€Å"The City in the Sea,† makes the task of completely deconstructing it almost impossible. Works Cited Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 2003. Claudel, Alice M. â€Å"Mystic Symbols in Poe's ‘The City in the Sea.'† Papers on Poe: Essays in Honor of John Ward Ostrom. Ed. Richard P. Veler and Richard Beale Davis. Springfield, OH: Chantry Music Press at Wittenburg U, 1972. 54-61. Garrison, Joseph M. Jr. â€Å"Poe's ‘The City in the Sea.'† Explicator 48.3 (1990): 185-88. Leonard, Douglas N. â€Å"Poe's ‘The City in the Sea.'† Explicator 43.1 (1984): 30-33. Thorpe, Dwayne. â€Å"Poe's ‘The City in the Sea': Source and Interpretation.†American Literature 51 (1979): 394-99.

Learning Knowledge for Effective Performance Essay

It instills organizations with new ideas and information which is a essential component of learning organization. Peter Senge’s 5 disciplines are essential for a learning organization. Systems Thinking is the crucial discipline which brings all the other factors together into a balanced theory and practice. Figure 1: The 5 Basic disciplines of a learning Figure 2: â€Å"The Fifth Discipline† by Peter organization Senge It allows organizations to see the big picture and differentiate learning patterns within the organization. Using this principles, organizations can work with a system to create solutions to challenging problems in every field as Senge believes that current problems are results of solutions that were applied in the past. Systems thinking involve learning to distinguish general behaviours and create new ones to familiarize with special terms and tools that aid decision making and also allow employees to participate in decision making. It also helps managers to detect repetitive patterns such as common ways of solving problems, present goals and policies that restricts the growth of the organization. It is similar to single-loop learning. Although it takes time to be implemented, it promises a wide range of benefits to companies and improve overall achievement (Delio, 1998). Toyota For example, TPS (Toyota Production System) is an approach created by the founder of Toyota, his son and his engineer that manages logistics, manufacturing and interactions between customer and supplier. TPS was created to bring consistency to the system and enable an effective production process, which eliminates waste. As a result, TPS worked well and has increased production and improved quality of cars. The system has made what Toyota is today: a leader in the automotive manufacturing and production industry.   Personal mastery is the discipline that describes personal growth and learning. Individuals who have a high degree of personal mastery are continuously seeking learning opportunities because they â€Å"are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence and their growth areas† (Senge, 1990). Their self-improvement and self-discovery abilities motivate a learning organization as they are self confident and have great commitment and responsibility towards work. Personal mastery allows one to distinguish what is important and picture the real world more clearly. Therefore, managers must help to create the environment to change by creating an atmosphere that promotes personal mastery within organization where employees should feel comfortable to create personal visions. Managers who are serious in delivering personal growth will send a powerful message to his or her employees. Disney At Disney, successful films are not made only from the ideas of managers. In fact, the top management attends an event called ‘Gong Show’ three times a year where an employee at any level is encouraged to throw ideas and story lines. Employees at Disney feel comfortable to create their personal vision. Managers then respond immediately and reward the employee. The results would be an extraordinary concept of animated film.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mental models are deeply held internal images of how the world works, images that limit us to familiar ways of thinking and acting† (Senge, 1990). Mental models are the way how one sees things, learn and react to situations on a daily basis. Generally, people do not do what they say but they behave according to their mental models. Mental models are very important in an organization because it is relates to consequences that occur. It is rather difficult to develop systems thinking if mental model is fixed in past experiences. For example, a manager will find it difficult to handle with interpersonal problem in the organization if he or she has a different perception on an employee. Many organizational learning fail when managers ignore the power of mental models. When managers in an organization develop the ability to work with mental models, it will be necessary for employees to learn new skills and orientations. Both systems thinking and mental models fit together as systems thinking concentrates on how to modify assumptions in order to show causes of problems and mental models look at revealing our hidden assumptions (Taggart. J, 2009). Therefore, it is worthless for managers to engage in systems thinking until their mental models change. Apple Japan Apple introduced the concept of learning organization into their workplace. Apple was advised to embark upon the Five Disciplines which are important to a learning organization. Each employee had a mental model of the way the organization operates. The learning process was more efficient when each employee’s mental model was brought in-line with the rest. Managers at Apple also encouraged Personal Mastery to staffs to place reasonable goals. The essential discipline was Systems Thinking, where it facilitated each employee to make decisions, taking the whole system into account, instead of analyzing specifically on their own problems. All the 5 disciplines were implemented through a program of education and it marked improvement in sales and growth. (Adapted from: Case Studies of the Learning Organization, n. d. ) SHARED VISION Senge’s (1990) shared vision is not an idea but a deeply embedded belief shared by many that provides focus and is a vital part of generative learning. Shared vision is derived from personal vision. Therefore, managers should encourage employees to develop personal vision so that organization’s vision succeeds as both vision are engaged. It provides the focus and energy for learning making it an important component of a learning organization. Shared visions encourage new ideas and concepts within organization while encouraging experimentation. Senge claims that managers should understand that their high position in an organization does not mean that their personal vision is also the organization’s vision. Although visions are mostly visualized by top management, it is not consider a shared vision until others in the organization connect it with their personal vision. General Motors In General Motors (GM), a group of executives decided to implement a new approach in automobile manufacturing as well as a new friendly working environment. Pfeffer and Sutton (2000), discuss creating an organizational learning environment with a shared vision in a case study based on Saturn. The Saturn employees were labeled as risk takers. Later, these staffs sought and embraced a systemic change in Total Quality Management . As a result, Saturn developed into a successful car company due to its shared vision among employees. TEAM LEARNING Team learning is where a group of people work together to create results that they truly desire. Team learning is built on the discipline of personal mastery and shared visions but these alone are not enough to act wholly. Team learning involves two primary ways of communication among members which are dialogue and conflict. These are essential ingredient for learning. Dialogue among members in a team creates a language that helps deal with difficult situations and focus on structural issues. It helps members to learn how to recognize the patterns of interaction which provides an opportunity for members to interact with one another and discover possibilities. Conflicts is a norm in team and teams must know how to deal with disagreements well. A well handled conflict is important in a team as t often leads to effective brainstorming and problem solving matters. According to Senge, 1990 â€Å"the difference between great teams and mediocre teams lies in how they face conflict and deal with the defensiveness that invariably surrounds conflict. † General Electrics An example here is Jack Welch, CEO of General Electrics ( GE) came up with a solution call the Work-Out program to ‘clean upâ€℠¢ GE and improve productivity. It got every employee to get involved in challenges and problems. It has adapted a learning culture among employees which make GE a learning organization. As a result, GE increased its market share from $13 billion in 1981 to $500 billion in 2000. Figure 3: The Work-Out program implemented in 1981 increased Market capitalization by $487 billion.   Figure 4: Kolb’s Cycle of Experiential LearningDEFINITION Concrete experienceConcerned with something that has happened to you or that you have done. Concerned with adopting your new ideas into practice. Reflective ObservationConcerned with reviewing the event or experience in your mind or exploring what you did and how you, and others feel about it. Abstract ConceptualizationConcerned with developing an understanding of what happened by seeking more information and forming new ideas about ways of doing things in future. Active ExperimentationConcerned with trying out the new ideas as a result of the learning from earlier experience. Table1: Brief definitions of Kolb’s cycle of Experiential Learning. Figure 4 and Table 1 adapted from ‘Reflection on and in the workplace by L Allin and C Turnock, 2007. One may begin at any stage, but must follow each other in the sequence: †¢concrete experience (or â€Å"DO†) †¢reflective observation (or â€Å"OBSERVE†) †¢abstract conceptualization (or â€Å"THINK†) active experimentation (or â€Å"PLAN†) Kolb, an American educational theorist explains how experience is translated through reflection into concepts, which is then used as a guide for current and new experimentation. This can be applied in the several forms of informal and formal learning in the organization where learning becomes more effective as employees gets hands on experience on the knowledge they have gained. It also improves performance at workplace and influences the behavior of the learner and as such employees can enhance their performance as they are able to understand and learn better. Learning increases ability to contribute to the organization’s success. It also contributes to a better understanding, increases communication, improves quality of decision making within organization. Organizational learning is essential for innovation ( Laundry, 1992). Innovation is vital for organizations to survive in the competitive world today. Organizations are required to think out of the box and practice continuous learning to remain top in the market. Organizational learning has affected performance of individuals as well as organization as a whole in a positive way. Most firms these days are categorized as learning systems. Organizations such as Fiat, Toyota, Motorola and a few others have improved tremendously after learning took place. They had both formal and informal ways of knowledge acquisition, sharing and implementation of knowledge and skills. Motorolo today is a well developed organization because of its learning processes and culture where employees are fully committed to total quality management. Organizational learning fosters a great opportunity for meeting goals, visions and values. Here, a manager plays a huge role not only as a charismatic leader but also as a motivator that guides employees towards change, shapes the design and structures of the organization and overall creates a positive impact on the organization. The factors that add to effective performance through organizational learning are the skills developed by employees, resources that are available in helping them learn, reward system given by employers, environment and culture. Competitive advantage is a strength a company has over their rival firms. It is an bility to operate at minimum cost, produce quality goods, and invest in Research and Development. Through organizational learning, a firm can develop the necessary knowledge that is vital for effective performance. Intrinsic knowledge can also be applied in organizational learning. Intrinsic knowledge is the knowledge which resides within the organization in terms of work relationships, attitudes and behavior. They are difficult to transfer f rom one to another. Employees in a company which has developed strong intrinsic knowledge will be able to use them in the operations and gain productive performance. It will help them to show a higher proactive personality together with commitment. It becomes a competitive advantage to the firm as it will be hard for competitors to follow. Federal Express’s efforts and approach of investing heavily on team learning among employees has enhanced quality and gained success. It is the ability of the firm to practice continuous learning that made it what it has become today. Although learning is a slow process, once initiated, it feeds on itself and will continue to grow and improve efficiency of employees. Today, more organizations are realizing the importance of learning to be successful in their respective markets. Knowledge within learning organizations must be discovered and shared among employees so they can work in a team to enhance problem solving, decision making and response to challenges. Therefore, managers in organizations should take the necessary steps to shift from organizational learning to a learning organization. Organizations such as Totoya, GE, Disney and others are clear examples of how learning efforts have helped these firms to achieve high performance and compete against competitors in the 21st century.

Trial and Error

Trial and error is an experimental method of problem solving, repair, tuning, or obtaining knowledge. â€Å"Learning doesn't happen from failure itself but rather from analyzing the failure, making a change, and then trying again. † This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem solving and is contrasted with an approach using insight and theory. However, there are intermediate methods which for example, use theory to guide the method, an approach known as guided empiricism.The nature of the response is molecular in trial-and-error learning and molar in insightful learning. Practice and repetition are extremely important in trial-and-error learning, while insightful solution is important for insightful learning. Of course, certain amount of trial- and-error occurs before insight takes place. But the trial-and-error form of learning primarily does not involve insight. The physical and motor skills are acquired mostly through trial-and-error.The insightf ul learning is of higher order, and is involved in cognitive and verbal learning. The cats in the key experiments conducted by Edward Thorndike were able to learn through operant conditioning. In Thorndike's experiment, cats were placed in a various boxes approximately 20 inches long, 15 inches wide, and 12 inches tall with a door opened by pulling a weight attached to it. The cats were observed to free themselves from the boxes by â€Å"trial and error with accidental success.In one test the cat was shown to have done worse in a later trial than in an earlier one, suggesting that no learning from the previous trials was retained in long-term memory. The scientist considered the cat to have the capacity for learning due to the law of effect, which states that responses followed by satisfaction (i. e. a reward) become more likely responses to the same stimulus in the future. An experiment was conducted in 2009 where cats could pull on a string to retrieve a treat under a plastic scr een. When presented with one string, cats had no trouble getting the treats.When presented with multiple strings, some of which were not connected to treats, the cats were unable to consistently choose the correct strings, leading to the conclusion that cats do not understand cause and effect in the same way that humans do Thorndike was skeptical of the presence of intelligence in cats, criticising sources of the contemporary writing of the sentience of animals as â€Å"partiality in deductions from facts and more especially in the choice of facts for investigation. Research was made to identify possible observational learning in kittens.Kittens that were able to observe their mothers performing an experimentally organised act were able to perform the same act sooner than kittens that had observed a non-related adult cat, and sooner than the ones who, being placed in trial and error conditions, observed no other cat performing the act. Experimental investigation of primates show th at the chimpanzee possess some limited insight in regard to observational learning (see Kà ¶hler), whereas this capacity is wholly absent in the domesticated cat Sultan, one of the brightest of the early chimpanzees used for psychological research, was tested by Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kà ¶hler.Sultan is particularly recognized for his insight in solving numerous problems, including stacking or manipulating boxes to reach a reward and use of two sticks as a unit to rake food to a reachable distance. While other Chimpanzees in Kà ¶hler's study were also quite adept at problemsolving—namely, obtaining an out-of-reach fruit suspended above a playground or perched just beyond arm's reach outside the bars of a cage—Sultan proved to be peculiarly advanced.He and his peers were also known to stack crates to reach the fruit, and even scramble up a hastily balanced stick to grab the banana before falling back down. Chimpanzees helped Kà ¶hler to prove that animals are capable of learning beyond simple trial and error, and that, given the right conditions, many species—particularly the more â€Å"human† species of primates—will demonstrate a deeper understanding of the constituents of a problem. For example, several chimpanzees who had proven capable of reaching the banana via a stack of crates found that in a crateless room, a table or chair worked to meet the same end.When nothing else was available, Kà ¶hler himself could even be used: â€Å"On one occasion, Sultan did something even more impressive: he came over to Kà ¶hler, pulled him by the arm until he was under the banana, and then showed that in a pinch even the director of the Prussian anthropoid station would do as a climb-upon-able. † (Gleitman 2004) difference insightful learning involves perception of the whole situation, as the organism has to see the relationship among various stimuli. The nature of the response is molecular in trial-and-error learnin g and molar in insightful learning.Practice and repetition are extremely important in trial-and-error learning, while insightful solution is important for insightful learning. Of course, certain amount of trial- and-error occurs before insight takes place. But the trial-and-error form of learning primarily does not involve insight. The physical and motor skills are acquired mostly through trial-and-error. The insightful learning is of higher order, and is involved in cognitive and verbal learning. The two forms of learning differ with respect to the role of the organism in the learning situation.Animals lower in the phylogenic scale acquire through trial and error. Their role in the learning situation is only mechanical and passive. The organism's approach in trial-and-error consists of random blind activities and the solution comes by chance. On other hand, the organism in insightful learning, surveys, inspects, observes, and examines various aspects of the problem situation, and t hereby takes an active role in learning. Higher- order animals including chimpanzees and human beings are capable of insightful learning.Both the trial-and-error and the insightful learning differ with respect to the strength of learning. The trial-and-error learning is more or less temporary, depends on continued practice, and weakens when practice is discontinued. The insightful solution, once acquired, stays for a long time and does not easily fade away when the practice is discontinued. Finally, in trial-and-error, the transfer of learning is poor; skills acquired in one situation are not easily transferred to another situation.On the other hand, learning by insight is easily transferred from one situation to other similar situations. The cat in Thorndike's puzzle box learns to connect a response with a stimulus, which is subsequently rewarded. The learning by trial-and-error is a matter of S-R connection. Kohler's chimpanzee learns to perceive the relationships between various aspects of the stimulus situation. Establishing the relationship between one stimulus and the others forms the core of the insightful learning.The insightful learning is of S-S type. The trial-and-error learning is gradual. The cat in Thorndike's puzzle box takes a number of trials and learns step-by-step to reach the correct response. The insightful learning occurs all on a sudden. The organism moves from a state of no solution to a state of solution very quickly. While pulling the string in Thorndike's puzzle box, the cat is showing responses to only some specific stimuli. It does not have to attend to the whole stimulus field.

3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers

3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers 3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers 3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers By Mark Nichol When expressing numbers in writing, take care to avoid erroneous styling of number ranges, mixed fractions, and multiple references to categorically similar numbers. The following examples, each of which is followed by a discussion and a revision, exemplify these three categories of style issues. 1. He said there are between 10-15 billion such devices online. Three ways to express a number range are â€Å"from (first number) to (second number),† â€Å"between (first number) and (second number), and â€Å"(first number)–(second number).† The third choice features an en dash, though some publications, for the sake of simplicity, use a hyphen, and many writers do so because they are unaware of the distinction. More significantly, that option is appropriate only for numerals, while the first and second choices apply to both numerals and spelled-out numbers. However, do not mix from or between with an en dash (or a hyphen) when expressing a number range; to correctly format the given sentence, choose from among the following treatments: â€Å"He said there are from 10 to 15 billion such devices online,† â€Å"He said there are between 10 and 15 billion such devices online,† and â€Å"He said there are 10–15 billion such devices online.† 2. The pitchers combined for 32/3 shutout innings. When, in a mixed fraction, the fraction is set as a case fraction (with small upper and lower numbers separated by a narrow horizontal line), the letter space is unnecessary, but for clarity, it is essential when the fraction is expressed vertically, as here: â€Å"The pitchers combined for 3 2/3 shutout innings.† 3. The process should be documented over a six- to 24-month period. The Associated Press Style Book recommends spelling out numbers up to nine and (with some exceptions) using numerals for larger numbers, even when two or more numbers in each category appear in proximity in a reference to related amounts or values. However, Chicago puts the breaking point at more than one hundred, so in this example, both numbers would be spelled out: â€Å"The process should be documented over a six- to twenty-four-month period.† (But if the numbers are unrelated, as in the following sentence, there is no need for consistency: â€Å"Even as recently as 200 years ago, a fifty-mile journey was a major undertaking.†) (Both style manuals are helpful to writers, but I favor Chicago as a more comprehensive resource that encourages a more sophisticated approach to writing than the AP Style Book, which models a simple, more functional prose style.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past""To Tide You Over"

Write a cover letter to get you hired in 2018

Write a cover letter to get you hired in 2018 When you see the phrase â€Å"cover letter,† it probably conjures up an image of a bygone era, with an old-fashioned letter, painstakingly typed and sent via snail mail. How does that square with the modern job search, which has become almost entirely digital? Do you still need a cover letter in an era where you’re either emailing a resume or dropping it into a vast database? The short, honest answer: not always, especially when you’re simply uploading your resume into a digital application engine. But when you do need to have a cover letter to go with your resume, it’s important to have one ready to go. And a well-written cover letter can still mean the difference between getting an interview or having a reader reject your application package without any further consideration.What’s the purpose of a cover letter?A cover letter is an introduction to your resume. If you’re submitting your resume digitally, that means your cover letter is an em ail introduction with an attachment. Instead of a blunt â€Å"here you go, resume is attached,† it’s a way of framing your resume and setting the narrative before the reader has a chance to scan the resume itself.A cover letter (or email) is also a chance to fit in some extra key words. There’s a good chance that it will be a software program reading your note first, before it’s screened by a human with hiring power. And those programs function based on key words and phrases that the hiring company most wants to see. The earlier you can fit those in, the better, and the cover letter/email is your earliest chance.A cover letter also acknowledges the human reader beyond the robot eyes- a human reader who can use the information in your note to add context to your resume. Your cover letter is a chance to set the narrative that you support with the bullet points in your resume. Think of it as the highlight reel of your accomplishments and your goals.Tailor yo ur cover letter to the audience.The first thing you should do is make sure you’re personalizing the cover letter. Nothing is going to turn a reader off faster than having to read something addressed to â€Å"Dear whomever† and followed by several paragraphs of super-generic chitchat. Whenever possible, you should address it to a specific person. This may not always be possible if you’re submitting via an online system. But if there’s a contact name mentioned in the job posting, make sure you’re addressing your letter or email right to that person. You want to engage the reader whenever possible. â€Å"To whom it may concern† technically does the job of addressing a reader, but is there a colder, more generic opening? I don’t think so.Be memorable and personable.The cover letter gives you a chance you don’t really have with your resume: the opportunity to show a bit of your personality. The resume is a ruthless, efficient snapsh ot of your professional accomplishments. The cover letter is more of a conversation between you and the reader. One way to do this is to include some personal trivia in the first few lines, or include a bit about what drew you do this particular company or job opening. This shows that there’s a thoughtful person behind this letter and this resume, one who has put consideration and effort into applying for this job.In a cover letter, it’s okay to use a bit of humor- as long as it’s kept polite, professional, and directly related to the job you’re trying to get. (Remember, you don’t know who will be on the other end, so keep any humor G-rated and appropriate.) The company is, after all, hiring a human to join their team, and you want to seem approachable and friendly. The information on your resume doesn’t necessarily tell the reader much about your voice, so it’s okay to use the cover letter to add a bit of flair.Set the narrative.This is especially important if your resume has things you need to explain, or things you want to gloss over (it happens). Your cover letter can help you take that extra level of control over your application package. Use it to set up what you want the reader to have in mind while he or she is reading further.For example, if you’re a recent grad and don’t yet have tons of experience in the field you’re trying to get into, you can use your cover letter to talk about how you’re looking for an entry-level position in the field, but have skills and experience that you’ve built up via internships, or volunteer experiences. Or if you have resume gaps, it’s a way of saying that you’re looking to get back in the game, and that you’re ready and eager for an opportunity to use your skills and experience at X company.Make it about the job/company.The cover letter is (spoiler alert!) not really about you. Sure, it seems that way because youâ⠂¬â„¢re talking about yourself, but it’s really about the job the company is trying to fill and how you can meet that need. The ultimate goal of the cover letter is to support your statement that you’re the one they need to fill this job. Every detail you offer about yourself should show how you’re a good fit for the company. This is where the job description comes in handy- you can use that information to figure out what they want the new employee to accomplish in this role and then make sure you’re presenting skills and achievements that support those needs.For example, instead of saying something like, â€Å"This role is the logical next step for me because I’ve always wanted to be a director,† you should go with, â€Å"my time spent spearheading complex projects and delivering results ahead of schedule has prepared me for the demands of leading a team of sales associates.†Keep your formatting flexible.In your cover letter, you don ’t want to include fancy or complicated formatting because you can’t assume that it’s being read one particular way. In 2018, you need to be format-flexible. Your reader might be reading it on a computer screen, as a print-out, or on a small device like a phone or tablet. That means the simpler your cover letter is, the better. Pick a professional font that’s easy to read, make sure your paragraphs aren’t 15 sentences of unbroken text, and make everything left-aligned.If your cover letter is really an email, it’s fine to use the default font and text settings in your email client.Don’t write a novel.The cover letter should only be a few straightforward paragraphs. This is not the time to write out your entire work history (the resume will do the job of talking about past experience and accomplishments). The goal is to introduce yourself to the reader, not publish your memoir. Three to four paragraphs should do the trick- no more than a single page in Word. This is the basic format you should use:Brief intro paragraph: Who you are as a professional, what job you’re applying for, and what drew you to this particular job opening.Paragraph outlining your top qualifications for this specific job.Brief closing paragraph: Restate what qualifies you for the job and provide contact information.Closing sign-off: Always be brief and polite. (â€Å"Sincerely† is a classic for a reason!)Let’s look at an example of a basic cover letter/email.Dear Ms. Ferguson,  As a lifelong bookworm with a passion for the inner workings of the publishing industry, I’m interested in your opening for an editorial assistant. I’m currently an administrative assistant at the Good Books Literary Agency, and would like to bring my ninja-level organizational skills and editorial eye to the books on B.K. Publisher’s list.Through my work at the agency and an internship with American Book Company, I’ve developed a keen sense for identifying potentially successful books, and working with authors to refine their manuscripts from rough drafts to final. I have extensive experience proofreading and copyediting manuscripts, writing copy, and liaising between authors and publishers. I am confident that my ability to work with authors of all temperaments, as well as develop their work with an eye toward the marketplace, would be a good fit for B.K. Publisher. I’m attaching my resume, and welcome discussing my qualifications in more detail. I can be reached at JaneQPublic@emaildomain.gov, and I look forward to hearing more about this position.  Sincerely,Jane Public  When you’re writing your cover letter, remember that it’s an opportunity- not a throw-away. If you put in some time and energy, it can be a boon to your total application and work perfectly with your resume to create an image of someone who would be a good all-around fit for this job.

What effect did the first world war have on the health of the British Essay

What effect did the first world war have on the health of the British population - Essay Example For example, in examining the Great Depression of the 1930s, it is typically determined that government policies together with statistics published by health officials reveal a decline in health and an increase in hunger. Bryder argues that perhaps a more localized study would reveal a more realistic account of the health of a population at any given time.3 In this essay, we examine various studies and reports documenting the health of the British population on the health of the British population during the First World War. Bourke demonstrates that the First World War had a significantly detrimental effect on the bodies of surviving soldiers. This is turn had a detrimental impact on the quality of their lives in the post-war era. Many of these men joined the war as â€Å"middle-class volunteers† who were â€Å"eager to do their bit†.4 As Bourke points out: The decisive impact of the Great War on men’s bodies can be seen most clearly by looking at the war-maimed. Irrevocably re-moulded by their experiences, these men struggled to create new lives that challenged their status as physically disabled.5 The gravity of dismemberment is captured by statistics provided by Bourke. According to Bourke, the number of mutilated and maimed men during the First World War was at the time unprecedented and a shock to the British morale. More than 41,000 British soldiers experienced amputated limbs during the First World War. Among the amputees, 69% lost a leg, 28% lost an arm and 3% lost both an arm and a leg. In addition, 272,000 sustained damages to the limbs, although amputation was not required. Approximately 65,500, soldiers sustained head or eye injuries. Another 89,000 suffered grave bodily harm.6 The number of maimed and disabled soldiers returning to civilian life would obviously impact the health or at least the well-being of the general population. The economic conditions would have obviously declined as a result of the expense involved in figh ting the war. Yet, post-war expenses would have increased over expenses in the pre-war era. As Bourke points out, the number of disabled persons relying on public funds necessarily increased as a result of the war experience. For example, up to 1920, 31, 500 soldiers were still on disability for amputations.7 There was also a psychological impact of war in that the mental health of the soldiers during the First World War was arguably unavoidable and this would also add to the public’s financial burden. During the First World War, surviving soldiers witnessed the mass burial of their fallen and mangled colleagues. As Bourke reports, men were systematically buried wherever they happened to fall since there was no time or resources to retrieve the bodies and take them to a place of dignity for property burial.8 Harrison maintains that although the First World War itself contributed to the spread of disease and as such posed a threat to the health of both the civilian and soldier population, it had positive outcomes for the long-term health of the general population overall. As Harrison reports, historically, during war times, more soldiers died of disease than those who died from war-related injury. However, during the First World War, this trend changed in that more soldiers died of war-related injury than those who died of disease. While it is quite possible that this turn around in the ratio of disease-related

Written Landscapes PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Written Landscapes - PowerPoint Presentation Example The main issue to be addressed is the correlation between changes in landscape’s literary representations and the underlying cultural transformations of human civilizations. The importance of landscape in the ancient mythological narratives cannot be understated. This is because myths’ key concepts inherently relied on the association of specific sacral space with relevant landscape features such as mountains, seas, forests. In the Greek myths, Richard Buxton observes that the very depiction of the world’s creation in Hesiod is directly related to the emergence of landscapes necessary for all life to thrive. 1 By virtually abounds with references to sacred places that are conceptualized particular (and very much real) landscapes to be revered and visited Indian mythology is similar to the Greek mythology. In particular, sacred mountains like Himalaya and rivers such as Ganges played an instrumental role in the organization of Indian sacred landscape. Moreover, as one may see Similarly, the Near Eastern myths appear to reflect the preoccupation of ancient people with the connection between landscape and the sacred. The Epic of Gilgamesh is notable especially due to its emphasis on the notion of ‘cultivating’. The previously from the rich legacy of Indian epics, ancient Indians paid great attention to the connection between their landscapes and divine characters of their myths. 2 ‘Uncivilized’, or more precisely the ‘monstrous’ landscape by the divine or divinely inspired hero was not notable. The same motif can be found in the myths of Heracles and in his struggle against malevolent creatures of nature as well as in Beowulf, with this epic poem’s contrast between the bright palaces of human kings and dark marshes and deep seas, where the creatures of darkness dwell. 3 This contrast seems to be present in the number of other mythologies. In contrast to the epic poems and heroic myths on lyric poetry, the

Networking Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Networking Management - Essay Example Typically network management software is based on a particular network management protocol. The capabilities provided with the software are basically based on the functionality support by the network management protocol. Most systems are not only using open protocols, but also vendor specific proprietary protocols. When selecting management software, the decision is driven by present status alerts and information to the operator, managed devices and network environment (Schwalbe 2005). IT Lab plans has plans to radically expand and upgrade its existing network infrastructure by opening new branches. This brings out more requirements and tasks for the administrator in terms of; management, monitoring and configuration. Expansion to remote branches requires remote configuration, proactive management with backbone links to all remote sites. IT support is critical and availability of the network will be a factor for support to consider. The fact that there is existing infrastructure will affect the compatibility and setup configuration of the additional devices. For this reason IT lab needs a solution to cut across the typical installed operational platform. It has built up a system that is not integrated and the consideration that integration costs more time and resources than available is crucial. The first option that IT lab has is using Sieomons NMS to manage their network. Evaluating the solution against their needs is the first task at hand. In comparison, Siemon is built for large networks with functionality to automate the critical and most important tasks of network management. Offering the unparalled ability to manage complex networks, Siemon’s solution fits many network administrators tasks as a general solution. Siemon provides a next generation intelligent infrastructure management solution. They have made an improvement on one of their

CASE STUDY-CHIQUITA'S GLOBAL TURNAROUND Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

-CHIQUITA'S GLOBAL TURNAROUND - Case Study Example After experiencing huge losses through socially irresponsible practices and unfavorable tariffs, the company re-evaluated itself and decided to incorporate its corporate governance and corporate social responsibility initiatives globally. Chiquita further recognized the significance of being socially responsible as a means of gaining competitive edge in the market along with its pricing strategy. Therefore, it took on the Better Banana Project which allowed it to be environmentally responsible. In regards to labor practices, Chiquita accepting the importance of the support of its employees and its impact on the company’s image adopted the SA8000, the widely accepted international labor rights standards, in its code of conduct. The company also ensured the health and safety of workers by promising to fulfill the ILO conventions. Even though, Chiquita could have advertised its attempts at being socially responsible, it employed long-term marketing strategies such as viral marketing and third party testimonials to promote its products and efforts. Thus, all the above-mentioned efforts along with cutting costs and streamlining the local and worldwide operations have facilitated Chiquita in improving not only its financial performance, but its efficiency and the corporate image as well. Even though, the company has improved dramatically over the years, it still has to go a long way to accomplish a healthy and socially responsible corporate

Terminal Design Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terminal Design Concept - Essay Example d namely; pier satellite design, pier finger design, remote satellite design, transporter design, semicircular (curvilinear) design and linear design. Having analyzed the concepts mentioned above, the most appropriate and efficient design was a hybrid of linear and pier satellite design configurations. By description, the linear design concept involves a configuration with one building hosting both the ticketing and waiting area especially for small aircraft airports. The pier satellite terminal includes the same design as linear only that it involves more concourses connected to this main building thus creating several satellite structures. Considerations of best practices in modern airports influenced the hybrid selection decision. The need for short walking distances, for example, for passengers was assured by incorporating linear design to counter the excessive walking distances created by the rotunda-like pier satellite concept. A linear design concept guarantees a precise orientation where aircrafts park nose-in with respect to the terminal building. However, the orientation occasioned by the rotunda-like layout in the pier satellite design configuration is not a straight forward one. Simple construction of the main linear terminal building and the piers influenced the selection of the hybrid design configuration. The layout is simple and enables passengers to park their vehicles even right in front of the terminals before they enter through for boarding the aircraft. Adequate curb length is made possible by the pier satellite system since it is dependent on dwell time called so to mean the time has taken to remove passengers and their baggage. Thanks to the piers for decentralizing the clearing area and the no hub volume type of airport under consideration. In this case, there was enough area for terminal curb for through vehicles, baggage, and the passengers’ pickup. Small baggage system costs using decentralized system helps achieve pier satellite

Pseudomonas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pseudomonas - Essay Example The problems associated with this type of transient bacteria include infections such as Pseudomonas infections, especially those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria also cause infections of the blood, pneumonia and post surgery infections, which may cause death. In addition, mild infections occur, especially after exposure to water, such as infections of the ear and the eye in children, skin rashes. These infections occur after exposure to water, which is inadequately chlorinated (CDC, 2013). The methods that are used to effectively remove this type of transient bacteria from hands include effective hand washing using soap and water because they act as emulsifying agents that dissolve grease and oils on the hands to remove transient bacteria. One should also dry hands after washing them with proper towels. Alternatively, alcohol-based instant hand sanitizers may be used after hand washing. Antiseptic lotions or creams soaps can be used when cleaning hands. Antiseptic soaps or detergents remove surface bacteria, and may have a residual effect while instant hand sanitizers do not have a residual effect (Marriott & Gravani, 2006). Aseptic hand wash and hand sanitizers can be used to prevent the spread of transient bacteria. Aseptic hand wash method involves the use of antiseptic soap and special techniques to cleanse the hands and forearms aseptically. It reduces bioload of bacteria on the skin surface to prevent transmission to the patient (Mulder, 1999). Hand sanitizers are made of chemicals such as alcohol. These chemicals kill pathogens, thus preventing disease transmission. Some of the diseases that are caused by bacteria include Acne, Pneumonia, Whooping Cough and Tuberculosis. Viruses cause mumps, AIDS and yellow fever while parasites cause diseases like amebiasis. Fungi cause candidemia while protozoa amebiasis. Among these diseases, AIDS can be detected with approved CLIA-waved testing (Parmet,

CASE STUDY-CHIQUITA'S GLOBAL TURNAROUND Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

-CHIQUITA'S GLOBAL TURNAROUND - Case Study Example After experiencing huge losses through socially irresponsible practices and unfavorable tariffs, the company re-evaluated itself and decided to incorporate its corporate governance and corporate social responsibility initiatives globally. Chiquita further recognized the significance of being socially responsible as a means of gaining competitive edge in the market along with its pricing strategy. Therefore, it took on the Better Banana Project which allowed it to be environmentally responsible. In regards to labor practices, Chiquita accepting the importance of the support of its employees and its impact on the company’s image adopted the SA8000, the widely accepted international labor rights standards, in its code of conduct. The company also ensured the health and safety of workers by promising to fulfill the ILO conventions. Even though, Chiquita could have advertised its attempts at being socially responsible, it employed long-term marketing strategies such as viral marketing and third party testimonials to promote its products and efforts. Thus, all the above-mentioned efforts along with cutting costs and streamlining the local and worldwide operations have facilitated Chiquita in improving not only its financial performance, but its efficiency and the corporate image as well. Even though, the company has improved dramatically over the years, it still has to go a long way to accomplish a healthy and socially responsible corporate

Pseudomonas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pseudomonas - Essay Example The problems associated with this type of transient bacteria include infections such as Pseudomonas infections, especially those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria also cause infections of the blood, pneumonia and post surgery infections, which may cause death. In addition, mild infections occur, especially after exposure to water, such as infections of the ear and the eye in children, skin rashes. These infections occur after exposure to water, which is inadequately chlorinated (CDC, 2013). The methods that are used to effectively remove this type of transient bacteria from hands include effective hand washing using soap and water because they act as emulsifying agents that dissolve grease and oils on the hands to remove transient bacteria. One should also dry hands after washing them with proper towels. Alternatively, alcohol-based instant hand sanitizers may be used after hand washing. Antiseptic lotions or creams soaps can be used when cleaning hands. Antiseptic soaps or detergents remove surface bacteria, and may have a residual effect while instant hand sanitizers do not have a residual effect (Marriott & Gravani, 2006). Aseptic hand wash and hand sanitizers can be used to prevent the spread of transient bacteria. Aseptic hand wash method involves the use of antiseptic soap and special techniques to cleanse the hands and forearms aseptically. It reduces bioload of bacteria on the skin surface to prevent transmission to the patient (Mulder, 1999). Hand sanitizers are made of chemicals such as alcohol. These chemicals kill pathogens, thus preventing disease transmission. Some of the diseases that are caused by bacteria include Acne, Pneumonia, Whooping Cough and Tuberculosis. Viruses cause mumps, AIDS and yellow fever while parasites cause diseases like amebiasis. Fungi cause candidemia while protozoa amebiasis. Among these diseases, AIDS can be detected with approved CLIA-waved testing (Parmet,

Essay Example for Free

Essay The song â€Å"Imagine† was written by John Lennon in 1971. John Lennon was a former guitarist in the legendary band, The Beatles. He then came out with his own song that soon became one of the most famous tunes in all of history. The song was written to give the world a more hopeful perspective during a troublesome time instigating a revolution of anti-war movements. The song â€Å"Imagine† was written by John Lennon in 1971 to persuade the audience to imagine a world of peace during a time when the world was filled with war. During the year of 1971, the world was dealing with a great deal of war and violence. This was the time of the Vietnam War, the Cold War between the United States and the USSR, the Ind-Pakistani War creating a dark time in Pakistan during 1971, as well as a war ending in South Asia followed by the establishment of the Sovereign Nations in Bangladesh. During all of these troubles, the world was also filled with a great deal of racial discrimination. Although most of the world was involved in wars and strife, John Lennon decides to write an uplifting song that creates a setting without the struggles of man that lead to violence and giving a whole new perspective to the people that needed it. The song â€Å"Imagine† asks the listener to imagine a world of peace. The main argument this song represents is that if we can picture a world without any reason for violence then maybe we can begin achieve it. John Lennon implies protest with his song by asking the listener to picture a world without religion, possessions, countries, or any other reason for violence. â€Å"Imagine theres no countries, it isnt hard to do. Nothing to kill or die for and no religion, too. Imagine all the people living life in peace.† This part of the song implies protest by asking the audience to imagine a world living as one, without countries or religion to cause any racial discrimination. A slow rhythm made by a piano introduces the song with a soothing tone. The lyrics ask you to imagine a world with no heaven or hell and then to imagine all the people living for today. The music transitions to a more upbeat  tone by introducing drums after this verse in the song. There is also a repetition with the piano beats and the lyrics. When the lyrics asks the audience to imagine something, the piano beat repeats to the slow, soft tempo that was in the beginning. The music and the lyrics work together to create an optimistic yet soft, soothing tone.

Restatement problem definition technique

Restatement problem definition technique Task 1 The purpose of the task is to choose one of the scenarios and to apply the Present state/Desired state, Duncker Diagram and Statement/Restatement problem definition technique. The scenario 1 is about the problem associated with the recycling of post-consumer waste. It has been observed that even in the most cooperative and environment conscious communities, bins of recyclable waste contains 10% of wrong recyclable or non-recyclable material. For disposing non-recyclable material present in recyclable bins, recycling company has to spend lot of money. The problem needs investigation from the recycling company CEOs point of view. Summary of additional information gathered Generation of waste is strongly associated to population and urbanization [1]. Improvement of existing waste management technique is a prime concern for developing countries. In past, the most inexpensive practice for disposing waste was to place it in landfills. Despite the fact that the landfills were used to manage the waste, the need for restitution of the landfills, release of toxic gases, limited accessibility of the land for the landfills etc., still remains a great challenges for metropolitan cities. The ever increasing post-consumer waste has many adverse effects on the health of people, such as pollution of underground water and soil, bad smell from landfills and release of green house gases like CO2 and CH4 [1]. The concept of 3Rs which says reduce, reuse and recycle has become a key notion for waste management. The finest way to manage waste is not to create it. Generation of waste should be minimized at household level by avoiding excess use of non-environmental friendly goods. Recycling is the also one of the best option for waste management as it offers several advantages like utilization of waste which would otherwise be dumped in landfills and also decrease in use of new resources [2]. Novel methods of sorting non-recyclable waste from recyclable should be brought in use. The production capacity of paper in Malaysia has reached up to 1,300,000 T/year [3] but it is still low as compared to the consumption of paper there. Paper mills in Malaysia are now relying on machines which can sort different grades of paper. After sorting, high quality paper can be recycled. Malaysian paper mills are saving lot of money, energy, reducing the amount of landfills, reducing incineration and above all conserving their natural resources [3]. Shutting down of Freshkills Landfills in Staten Island in 2001 has strained the city of New York to find other methods of waste management. To dispose huge amount of waste, New York City is exporting parts of its waste to Virginia and its neighboring state. Remarkable increase in disposal tipping fees in recent years has forced New York City to find other methods for waste management. Recycling provides a striking alternative as it helps in decreasing pollution, providing employments and preserving energy. Municipal Corporation in New York City is now relying on materials recovery facility (MRF). MRF collects waste, segregates wrong or non recyclable waste from recyclable waste, recycle the waste and stores it as raw material for manufacturing industry. By doing this, City of New York is saving nearly $46 million per year from the total amount it spends today for waste disposal [4]. Present state/Desired State Technique Discussion: The present state talks about the presence of wrong or non-recyclable material whereas desired state talks about maximizing companys profit by proper separation and disposal of non-recyclable waste. There is no match between the present state and the desired state. Further reworking of statements is required. Discussion: These states are matched, but there is no clear difference between the present and the desired state. Desired state somewhat solves the issue in present state i.e. company has to spend money for disposing non-recyclable waste. Actual problem is not resolved yet therefore further reworking of solution is required. Discussion There is perfect one to one mapping between present and desired state. The problem addressed in present state is completely resolved in desired state. The desired state focuses on attaining zero percent contamination in recyclable bins. Therefore, if there is no non-recyclable or wrong recyclable material in recyclable bin there is no point in disposing it and there is no cost for disposing it. These statements can therefore be considered as the best statements for actual problem. Duncker Diagram Statement-Restatement Technique Original problem statement: Bins of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and recycling company has to spend money for its disposal. Trigger 1: Emphasizing on different words and phrases Bins of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and recycling company has to spend money for its disposal. Is there any other way to collect waste? Bins of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and recycling company has to spend money for its disposal. How can we reduce percentage of wrong or non-recyclable material? Bins of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and recycling company has to spend money for its disposal. Can we make use of these wrong or non-recyclable materials? -Some materials like used polythene bags can be reused as trash bags in houses for trash cans. In this way consumer can reduce the use of non-recyclable material. Bins of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and recycling company has to spend money for its disposal. How can we reduce cost for disposing non-recyclable waste? Trigger 2: Substituting the explicit definition Containers of reusable materials are contaminated with non-reusable materials that are in fact, expensive to dump. Trigger 3: Making opposite sentence How to make bins of recyclable material contamination free, thus company has to spend no money for its disposal? Trigger 4: Use relaxing constraints Bins of recyclable material are never contaminated and there is no cost for its disposal. This technique helps us to think in different way. It motivates to develop a method so that recycle bins never get any contamination. Trigger 5: Replacing persuasive words The problem statement implies that we obviously want zero contamination of recyclable waste so that company has to spend no money for its disposal. Thus, if we could avoid contamination at source by marking the bins and classifying non-recyclable and recyclable waste for consumers. Trigger 6: Expressing words in the form of equation This statement can be expressed in equation form: Contamination in recyclable bin is directly proportional to presence of non-recyclable material. Therefore, By replacing, proportionality sign (with proportionality constant (k). This trigger helps us in thinking in alternative way. What factors affect the value of k? How can we minimize the presence of non-recyclable material? Proper tagging of bins, classification of non-recyclable materials and recyclable materials for consumers, reducing use of non-recyclable material etc. can help in reducing contamination of recycle bins. References Moldes, Y. Cendon, M. T. Barral, â€Å"Evaluation of municipal solid waste compost as a plant growing media component, by applying mixture design,† Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, no. 16, November 2007. V. W. Y Tam, C. M. Tam, â€Å"A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling,† Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 209-221, June 2006. M. O. Rahman, M. A. Hannan, E. Scavino, A. Hussain, H. Basri, â€Å"An Efficient Paper Grade Identification Method for Automatic Recyclable Waste Paper Sorting,† European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 96-103, 2009. A. J. Dubanowitz, â€Å"Design of a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) For Processing the Recyclable Materials of New York Citys Municipal Solid Waste,† M.S. thesis, Dept.Earth and Environmental Eng., Columbia Univ., May 2000 [online]. Available at http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/dubanmrf.pdf, retrieved on 09/29/09.

The Effect of Being an Only Child on the Childs Personality Essay

The Effect of Being an Only Child on the Child's Personality Literature Review: Before a child has friends they have their family. Everything that they know and love about the world mostly comes from what they see around in their house. Children usually find role models in their family most of the time it is the child’s sibling. Yet only children don’t have that experience of living with another child and begin to develop their personality and traits from what they see in their parents. An only child’s role model is usually their mom or dad. Most of their time is anyway spent with them. Looking up to an adult rather than a younger being can really change a lot about the child’s personality. Only child are mostly known to be responsible and develop good language skills because they are around their parents so much. They may see the responsibility that the parent has and learn how to be responsible from that. They don’t have any influences of seeing a child being lazy and not listening to their parent they just see the work of th e parent. Also because an only child’s main person to speak to is an adult they learn how to speak more properly and are able to talk better because they are learning from an expert of speaking that will not make mistakes at saying common words. This is a great advantage later in life for these only children. (Brophy, 1989)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only children are also commonly known to become more mature faster then other children who grow up with siblings. Their maturity grows faster because again adults surround them most of the time. They copy what they see their parents do and they try to fit in and be like the parents. As other kids with siblings they would try to fit in with their siblings but only children have their parents to fit in with. (Koontz, 1989)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As these only children try to fit in with their parents they also try hard to fill up the expectations of their parents. Most parents put very high expectations on their only child since this is their only child and all their energy and attention is on them. They have high expectations because this is the only child that can make them proud. Knowing this, only children have a hard time trying to be the best. Only children have this pressure of being perfect for their parents because if they make a mistake they can’t say well at least I’m doing better than my brother or sister... ...y child. By giving out this survey to many children not just only children we can see the differences between only children and children with siblings. Statements 2-4 test whether or not the person likes school because most people who like school tend to do well at school. Statements 4-9 test whether the person is a hard-working student or not. Statements 10 and 11 test whether or not the person can have relationships with people because self-centered may not care too much about other people. Also in strong relationships you must think and care about other people this is hard for self-centered people. Statements 12,15,16,17 test whether or not the person has a high view of himself or herself because self-centered people have very high views of themselves. Statements 13 and 14 test whether or not the person cares about other people because self-centered people only care about themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Brophy, B. (March 6, 1989). It doesn't hurt to be alone. U.S. News and World Report, 106, 54-55 Koontz, K. (February 1989). Just me. Health, 21, 38-39 Sulloway, F. J. (September 1997). Birth order and personality. Harvard Mental Health Letter, 14, 5-7

The Mistreatment of Women in the Works of Zora Neale Hurston :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Mistreatment of Women in the Works of Zora Neale Hurston Society is suffering from a number of serious social problems related to women, and to the interaction between the two sexes. Male domination and patriarchy have been under challenge by feminists and the women's movement. The economic, social and political subjection of women around the world, the violence brought against women and their confinement has been brought to the forefront in recent years. Zora Neale Hurston's stories speak out against the uncivil and unjust treatment of women especially in their marriages. Hurston's stories reveal the disturbing situation for women about mistreatment abuse in the 1930s, when speaking out was unheard of. This was the time period for the setting of Hurston's stories, and her stories reflect violence against women that occurred during that era. "Zora Neale Hurston's works are brilliant glimpses into the mind of a woman who lived life for what it was, who wanted nothing more then to have"...a busy life, a just mind and timely death." "She lived as she wrote, to the fullest, she wasn't just a writer, but also an anthropologist who brought to the light the folklore, and culture of nations that before there had been little study of. She brought new, exciting views of the world through her poetic words, and is a shining example of what it is to be a woman. Intelligent, driven, and confidant" (Walker 8). At only thirteen years old Hurston was thrown out of her father's house because her stepmother didn't approve of her or her siblings. At an early age Huston knew about struggling and making a way for herself (Ford 7-9). In Zora Neale Hurston's autobiography she said, "There is something about poverty that smells like death. Dead dreams dropping off the heart like leaves in a dry season and rotting around the feet, impulses smothered too long in the fetid air of underground caves. The soul lived in a sickly air. People can be slave ships in shoes (Hurston 37). Hurston was mistreated as a child, and in her story "Drenched in Light" it reveals some of her background of child abandonment. She also focused on women's rights and fights in marriages.

How do babies develop language? Essay

Language is the major means in which human beings communicate. Language is also needed to satisfy the human need to speak out emotions, complex needs, thoughts and ideas. Spoken language is a structured set of sounds while written language is a structured set of symbols. Language is acquired or learned, and the ability to use language effectively greatly affects our ability to operate well within society. There are different forms of language, which are used at different times for different situations, these requires a high level of skill and young children need the opportunity to acquire this skill. Sounds are the raw materials of spoken language. These sounds come together to form words, combined and brought together in special and complex ways to form sentences. The meaning in a sentence is communicated by the way in which words are combined. For most children, the ability to pronounce words correctly and to use appropriate grammar are acquired in the same way as other language skills. Children require good role models, the opportunity to use their language skills and positive feedback to adjust and refine these skills. There are times, however, that some children have difficulties in pronouncing words which may require help from speech therapist. These children’s needs are greatly important and to seek help for the child language is the main tool that human beings use for thinking. Thinking can be done without language, such as recalling pictures, images and tactile sensation but these are just considered as simple level: These ways of thinking and recalling information are not complex enough for all that is demanded of human beings (Beaver 139). First language acquisition Most researchers have the same opinion that typically, developing healthy babies go through the same language acquisition stages no matter what their first language is. Newborn infants cry, but they do not make speechlike sounds until they reach 3 months old, when they begin to make what are called ooing vowel sounds. During six months of age, babies start to babble and make consonant-vowel combination sounds like â€Å"ba-ba-ba† and â€Å"da-da-da†. They practice these sounds leading to intonation patterns development similar to whatever language they hear and is spoken in their environment. They keep trying out varieties of consonant-vowel combinations until they utter the first word which is the next stage in their development. The name of a family member is usually the first word or it could be a favorite food or toy, or an action word, such as â€Å"bye-bye†, â€Å"down†, or â€Å"no†. New words are gradually added and babies usually over generalize words such as â€Å"mommy† to represent all women, or â€Å"doggy† to mean all four-legged, furry creature. Very soon, the one-word utterance is extended to have sentence meaning: the holophrastic stage. In these stage, the one-word such as â€Å"more† means â€Å"I want more†, or â€Å"up† means â€Å"Pick me up†. Most linguists believe that children at this stage understand more language than they can produce. Children begin to put two words together and form two-word sentences between one and one-half and two years of age. Children already can recognize and even produce many words, but it is here that we witness the beginning of syntactical and semantic relations. â€Å"Give me. † â€Å"All gone. † â€Å"Daddy home. † â€Å"Bye Mommy. † Children do not mark the words with inflections for tense, number, or person. At this stage, they do not usually use pronouns, except for â€Å"me† referring to themselves. The next stage is the telegraphic stage, when children start to form sentences that sound like telegrams because these three-, four-, and several-word sentences are made up of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and some pronouns sequenced in the correct word order, but without inflectional endings or function words such as â€Å"the†, â€Å"a†, or prepositions. Sentences like: â€Å"Doggy play ball†, â€Å"Chair fall down† â€Å"What her name? † â€Å"Me want that. † are often times heard (Seymour, Luria and Smoke 5). Biological, or innate, theory of Chomsky and Slobin The theory of Chomsky (1957) is based on the principle that the brain has an inbuilt facility for language and that human beings are genetically programmed to develop language. The theory sought to provide an explanation for the means by which a baby develops language skills. Chomsky’s theory thus links language skills to the process of maturation. It emphasizes the biological control of language development and declines contextual factors. However, Chomsky does not point out that in order to trigger this innate capacity for language, children need to hear language spoken. The importance of language as an activity is given emphasis, rather than the specific language spoken by those in contact with the child. Slobin, added ideas to Chomsky’s approach, explained that babies and very young children respond to language sounds and sound consequences, which he called operating principles and research supports this view. Babies do initially respond to sound, tone, intonation and rhythm regardless of the language spoken. This would appear a logical answer to the question of how language develops; however, if we were preprogrammed to learn language then all children would learn language in the same way, regardless of the culture in which they were born. But this is not the case (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 176). Cognitive models of Vygotsky and Piaget While the biological models of language development stress the innate ability of children to acquire language, cognitive models, on the other hand, focus more on the relationship between the developments of children’s cognitive skills and language development. In terms of language, the approach taken by Piaget differs from Vygotsky in one important facet. Piaget considered language development to be primarily an egocentric activity and to provide a challenging environment is the role of the adult which would stimulate the child’s learning capabilities (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 176). To Piaget, language was quite independent from actions that lead to reasoning. For Piaget, talking to children in order to explain things before they were at an appropriate stage of understanding is pointless. Vygotsky, on the other hand, believed that language takes place within a social framework and adults have vital role in actively stimulating the child in order to support and extend the children’s learning. Vygotsky noted that in the earliest stages of speech, children talk aloud to themselves and practitioners who work with very young children confirms in this case. Vygotsky sees this inner speech as an important link between language and thoughts in the young child. As children become more aware of what they are thinking, this inner speech becomes internalized (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 179). Bruner’s approach to language development Bruner is also considered as one of the most influential theorists in the field of language development. Bruner focused his early research on the relationship between adult scaffolding, learning and children’s language. He emphasizes the linkage between language and communication and the encouragement of children’s understanding of how language works. The holistic approach to language comprises visual cues, gestures and body language, turn-taking and the conventions of social use of language (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 179). Monitoring children’s language development Effective child-care workers informally monitor children’s development through their daily interactions with the children. Their intimate knowledge of individual children allows them to identify such progress or development, or if a child may need support. There are some establishments that also monitor children’s language development in a more formal way. They may use a checklist, developmental chart or diary in which, each child’s development is recorded and made available for future planning and interaction. It is important to take note that when assessing children’s language developmental level, there is sometimes a difference between a child’s actual language ability and their ability to use expressive (spoken) language (Beaver 157). Factors affecting language development Successful language development of children needs a rich, stimulating environment that offers the opportunity for experiences suitable to their level of development. These are a number of factors that influence the quality of the language development: 1) the presence of positive role models 2) the opportunity for the children to practice their language skill 3) positive feedback to enable the children to pick up language and to adjust and refine their language skills (Beaver 158). Supporting children with language delay All children come to a care setting with different experiences and this includes their experience of language. Because the experiences that a child has had are so influential in their development, not all children develop language in the same pace. Within any group of children there will be a wide range of proficiency in language. This could include children who have delayed language development in relation to the expected range of norms. It is important that each child is treated as an individual and that their needs are assessed and met. When a child’s language development is delayed, there are a number of agencies who may be involved are health visitor, speech therapist, portage worker, language unit, nursery staff, individual classroom report, support form charitable organizations (Barnardos, NCH Action for Children), local initiative (self-help groups) (Beaver 159).

Salem Witch Trials and Real Hero

The real hero is always a hero by mistake, in my understanding this quote means, true acts of courage and bravery are always performed by people who do not intentionally set out to become heroes. I agree with this quote because a person can become a hero without realizing the impact they cause to the people around them, like they didn’t know they were going to do it, they just did it. And I’ll use the play The Crucible to justify my position.In the play The crucible, John Proctor one of the main characters displayed remarkable courage and heroism, John realizes that he must confess his sin of adultery to the courts, only to stop the fury in Salem. After he confesses, he encourages his wife to do the same, â€Å"Elizabeth, tell the truth! Elizabeth, I have confessed it!† He confesses his sin, and speaks those words, only because he is looking out for the good of the community, and others around him. He hates that his name is damaged, but feels that God will forgiv e him for it.Proctor accepted the truth for what it was, not because he had to, but because speaking words of truth are actions of an honest and prideful man, that’s why I consider him as a hero. In addition there is another character in this play that I consider as a hero too, his name is Giles Corey, in the play he is killed for two different things. One thing was that he would not give Danforth the name of the person who told him that Thomas Putnam was trying to get rid of the people in the town so that he could buy their land when they were gone. This is what originally got him arrested. Later they charged him as a witch and he would not answer his indictment.Because he didn’t answer his indictment they could not charge him with being a witch. Therefore, he saved his name and his pride. You can kill him and his wife but you are not taking his property. ‘’more wait’’ were his lasts two words. Betrayal and intolerance are some of the themes we can find in this book. The crucible is a story of betrayal, the betrayal between a husband and a wife within the sanctity of a conventional marriage. However, John Proctor who is guilty of infidelity is not alone. Many of the characters are guilty of betrayal.Abigail betrays her whole community in order to seduce John. Those who falsely confess to witchcraft betray their relationship with God and their church. Intolerance, The accusations throughout the witch trials are an expression of intolerance. In conclusion the people turned to the girls to rely on who was a witch. The  girls were led by Abigail she stunned everyone with her attitude and her ability to see the Devil. It also shows that you cannot always believe what you hear because it may not be true. It also tells us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purify ourselves by making what is wrong right.

Aboriginal People in the Canadian Military

According to records, more than 4,000 Indians were enlisted during the First World War, and about 35% of Indian soldiers were in the same age. This number does not include people other than Indians, Metis, other local people such as Inuit. In addition, many indigenous inhabitants witnessed more than average admission. 47% of indigenous soldiers in Prince Edward Island State and 53% of New Brunswick's volunteers volunteered. Amazingly, 100% of adult men in the Miku Mak Reserve in Sydney Nova Scotia have volunteered. In most cases, indigenous peoples and non-Earth soldiers shared similar experiences during the war. Some indigenous people initially had difficulty moving to military life. The reason is that many people came from remote areas of the country and followed their own cultural traditions. They have little contact with Canadians outside the area, and they often speak English and French. Most people believe indigenous men quickly adapt to new lives as soldiers and often become p recious members of their company. Like most Canadians, many indigenous peoples serve Canadian Corps of Canadian Expedition (CEF). The military role of indigenous peoples is influenced by traditional hunting and military skills, plus racial stereotypes of recruitment staff and executives. Many indigenous peoples play the most dangerous role in sniper, reconnaissance soldiers, military. The First National Army encountered a double cultural barrier in military: racial prejudice marked the modern non - native world, and the army class was almost completely moved in English. Records and memoirs indicate that most units finally accepted indigenous soldiers and even provided a welcome or progressive environment than other areas of modern society. The first national army left an amazing record of the wartime achievement. Some were appointed to officers, and many served as intensive platoon leaders and battle instructors. At least 50 people are decorated for bravery on the battlefield. Many people have gained a position close to legends as scouts and sniper soldiers, using pre-war hunting techniques and wilderness experience. Ten years ago, the armed conflict between indigenous peoples and the Oka Quebec Oka police and military pushed the relationship between indigenous peoples and non-indigenous Canadians to the forefront. At that time, the committee announced a federal indigenous policy statement named New Commitments. This statement calls for cooperation in redesigning the relationship between Indigenous peoples and Canada and finding new ways to solve essential problems for our coexistence. Although progress has been seen in the past decade, it is now clear that progress was too late and too late.

Breaking The Cycle of Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Breaking The Cycle of Teenage Pregnancy - Essay Example Programs related to reducing the incidence of teenage pregnancy will be examined along with their effectiveness. Based on the analysis of all the data collected and programs to in place recommendations for needed programming will be discussed. Alternate options available to preganant teens will be discussed as well. A million teenÐ °ge women become pregnÐ °nt in the United StÐ °tes every yeÐ °r, the vÐ °st mÐ °jority unintentionÐ °lly. Ð lthough the rÐ °te of teenÐ °ge pregnÐ °ncy hÐ °s increÐ °sed drÐ °mÐ °ticÐ °lly Ð °mong Ð °ll teens since the eÐ °rly 1970s, Ð °mong sexuÐ °lly Ð °ctive Ð °dolescents, pregnÐ °ncy rÐ °tes hÐ °ve Ð °ctuÐ °lly decreÐ °sed 19% over the lÐ °st two decÐ °des. This decline in pregnÐ °ncy Ð °mong sexuÐ °lly Ð °ctive teens is due in lÐ °rge pÐ °rt to better use of contrÐ °ceptives. Recent estimÐ °tes show thÐ °t Ð °pproximÐ °tely 12% of Ð °ll teenÐ °ge girls (Ð °ged 15-19) become pregnÐ °nt eÐ °ch yeÐ °r, whereÐ °s 21% of those who hÐ °ve hÐ °d sexuÐ °l intercourse (Ð °ged 15-19) become pregnÐ °nt Ð °nnuÐ °lly (Ð lÐ °n GuttmÐ °cher Institute, 2003). RegÐ °rding births resulting from teenÐ °ge pregnÐ °ncies, the percentÐ °ge of teenÐ °ge women who gÐ °ve birth rose Ð °lmost 19% from 2000 to 2002 (the lÐ °st yeÐ °r for which stÐ °tistics Ð °re currently Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble; Ð lÐ °n GuttmÐ °cher Institute, 2003). The Ð °bortion rÐ °te Ð °mong teens hÐ °s remÐ °ined fÐ °irly stÐ °ble since the lÐ °te 1970s, with Ð °pproximÐ °tely 43 teens per 1,000 opting for Ð °bortion. However, over thÐ °t sÐ °me time period, Ð °bortion rÐ °tes hÐ °ve declined steÐ °dily Ð °mong sexuÐ °lly experienced Ð °dolescent women, both becÐ °use Ð ° lower proportion of teenÐ °gers becÐ °me pregnÐ °nt Ð °nd becÐ °use Ð ° lower proportion of pregnÐ °nt teenÐ °gers choose to hÐ °ve Ð °n Ð °bortion. RÐ °ciÐ °l differences exist in both the prevÐ °lence of Ð °dolescent pregnÐ °ncy Ð °nd Ð °dolescent childbeÐ °ring. For exÐ °mple, BlÐ °ck teenÐ °gers hÐ °ve historicÐ °lly hÐ °d Ð ° higher pregnÐ °ncy rÐ °te thÐ °n their HispÐ °nic Ð °nd White peers: 19% of Ð °ll BlÐ °ck

Challenges posed by the aging population (be specific) Research Paper

Challenges posed by the aging population (be specific) - Research Paper Example The difference in opinion is as a result of new findings of health care resources usage by the elderly and also from the recognition of the responses of elder patient in the past. Conversely, these changes bring some opportunities since people have longer and healthy lives. This essay is to present the challenges posed by an aging population and how the government, society and the businesses have responded to the whole issue. First, it is important to see the reason as to why the population is aging by looking at the population trends in the past half century (Neumark, 2009). Aging people are in most countries of the world. There are some factors behind this trend. For instance, longevity has increased in most parts of the world compared to the previous years. Globally, the life expectancy has increased from the age of 48 years in the 50s to 68 years presently. For the past 50 years, community division project aims to make the expectancy reach 76 years. In addition, the fertility rate of the world fell from five kids per woman in the 1950s to approximately 2.5 presently. Fertility is further projected to decline to about 2.2 in the next 50 years. Similarly, aging of a large number of children born after the World War II coupled by an equal boom elsewhere in the world are leading to a generation of an older people. UN estimates that the global number of old people will increase from 800 million currently to more than 2 billion by 2050 (equivalent to 22 percent of the entire population) (Shapner, 2006) Aging of a community presents many challenges and raises concerns on the pace of the future economic progress, financial integrity of pension systems and health care services and operation, and the health of the elderly (Shapner, 2006). Economic prosperity of any given economy depends crucially on the quality and size of the labor force to be productive and maximize on the available resources. From

Evidence Based Practice in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evidence Based Practice in Social Work - Essay Example While other children have parents that they can live with and are willing to pay for their college tuition, youth in care have no one. Renting an apartment with no parent to co-sign a lease, finding money for a security deposit, and getting to work or school without money for transportation, and being able to feed themselves in the absence of a job, are several of the obstacles care leavers confront. As a result, many care leavers confront negative outcomes, primarily homelessness (Barth, 1996). In his study on the demographics of homelessness, Barn (2001) indicated that youth homeless was not an ethnic minority problem but a predominantly economic one. Wright's (2002) findings are consistent with Barn's (2002) conclusions. Commander (2002) and Mendes and Moslehuddin (2006) concur, emphasising that the demographics suggest that youth homelessness cuts across ethnic groupings but not economic ones. Nevertheless, they contend that the demographics reveal a more important commonality between the homeless youth. Specifically stated, the greater majority of the homeless across the United Kingdom are care leavers. Indeed, both studies independently maintain that incidents of hopelessness amongst domiciled youth are rare. 2.2 Homelessness: The Risk Factors In a cross-cultural study, Kurtz, Jarvis, and Kurtz (1991) identified five causes of homelessness. First, youth who are already members of homeless families are often separated from them because many shelters do not serve older youth. Youth from homeless families may be placed in foster care or emergency shelter system and consequently experience disintegration of ties with their families. Some studies, according to Pain and Francis (2004) suggested that as much as one-third of Britain's total homeless and in-care youth population came from homeless families, or ones which had simply disintegrated due to divorce or the death of the bread winner. Smith (2005), however, puts the figure at closer to 40%, adding that mental instability/problems in one of the parents as a leading predicator of homelessness and familial disintegration. A second reason for youth homeless is physical and sexual abuse (Pain and Francis, 2005). Kurtz et al. (1991) and Pain and Francis (2005) suggested the third reason is because youth are thrown or pushed out of their homes by parents or guardians. A fourth group of homeless are those that are removed from homes at an early age because of family abuse, neglect, or unwillingness or inability to care for them. They are taken into state custody and become foster youth. The fifth group of homeless youth are members of minority groups who have immigrated to Great Britain, whether legally or as illegal asylum seekers, and are attempting to make themselves inconspicuous.