The Issue Of Gun Control - 1454 Words

With the recent shootings at schools. Military bases or offices. People start to wonder whether gun control is needed in this time period. Passing of strict laws is creating a tension between people who believe Americans have the right to bear arms against those who think guns kill people and need to be controlled. Who should Americans believe? First you have to understand that gun control laws could be very helpful in stopping certain crimes..certain. For example, in Tennessee, One of the most gun owning place, has put a ban on guns in certain places. The Tennessee law, which takes effect immediately, will keep gun bans in place for stadiums or gymnasiums while school-sponsored events are in progress; meetings where disciplinary or tenure issues are being discussed; hospitals or offices where medical or mental health services are provided; and any location prohibited by another law, such as at day care centers or elementary schools located on campus (Schelzig, Erik). Will this reall y keep guns out of buildings? A gun wielding person does not care if there is a ban on a gun, if there is a sign that says â€Å"Gun Free Zone†. Gun control is very effective to some people, if has great pros but also has some cons. Proponents of more gun control laws state that the Second Amendment was intended for militias; that gun violence would be reduced; that gun restrictions have always existed; and that a majority of Americans, including gun owners, support new gun restrictions. GunShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australian 1996 National Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans belie ves it is our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Contro l929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Theme Of Symbolism In To Kill A Mockingbird - 791 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a multi-faceted novel which explores the principles and morals of people in the South during the 1930s. Mockingbirds are symbolic of the people that society abuse. Lee narrates the events of the novel using Scout’s voice and uses this technique to add emotional context and develop themes. Themes of racial and classist prejudice are developed by Lee to challenge the reader. These techniques are all powerful ways to alter the views of the reader. Mockingbirds are a powerful means used by Lee to convey the deep-rooted prejudice entrenched in the fictional town of Maycomb. The title of the novel is symbolic of Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Lee writes that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. However, one†¦show more content†¦Jem’s entire perspective of the world is thrown into chaos so he retreats into a state of disillusionment. However, Scout, maintains her faith in humanity. Atticus elaborates by saying as you grow older; you’ll see white men cheat black men every day of your life. Lee uses this scene to show the reader that racism is learnt. Scout gradually emerging from her innocence to the realization that people have different outlooks on the world and that these often include prejudice and hate which have been obtained by harsh experiences. Lee intends to show the reader that innocence is precious and once experience marrs, you cannot return to innocence. When Scout meets Dolphus Raymond, she learns not to trust the stereotypes that society casts on people because you never really know a person until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Scout’s narration showcases her struggle with the realization that not everyone values integrity and morals. Lee develops the theme of prejudice throughout To Kill a Mockingbird. Some forms of prejudice are not recognized by the young narrator, but the people of Maycomb are the source of racist and classist prejudice. The most obvious form of prejudice is racism. This close-minded view of certain ethnic groups is displayed when the jury declares Tom Robinson guilty when clear evidence had been presented proving his innocence. The stark outcome of injustice shows the readers thatShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Innocence Becomes Experience?1225 Words   |  5 PagesIn To Kill A Mockingbird there are several reason why innocence becomes experience. Phys.com stated â€Å"Between ages 5 and 11, the researchers found, children become aware that many people believe stereotypes, including stereotypes about academic ability. When children become aware of these types of bias about their own racial or ethnic group, it can affect how they respond to everyday situations.† This shows that Scout and Jem ar e in a time of their lives when racism will take effect. Not only becauseRead More Racism in Literature Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pagesa difference and change societies belief. Abel Meeropol and Harper Lee had that goal in common, when writing â€Å"Strange Fruit†, a poem about lynching, and To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel about a persecuting southern to. Both the contrast made and the word choice are effective parts of the poem. Symbolism and satire are also big parts. The theme of racism is also important, which is supported by the title and the author’s tone. To begin, the contrast within the poem, and the word choice were all veryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Two Birds One Stone By Harper Lee900 Words   |  4 Pages9 March 2016 Two Birds One Stone â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it† (Lee 30). To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a very vigorous story about the racial discrimination that was uncontrollable in 1930’s Alabama. The small town of Maycomb is segregated into two categories: white and black. They each have their own separate neighborhoods and churches. Rarely is such racism binded withRead MoreThe Sin in Ideology1395 Words   |  6 Pagesit’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†(90). Atticus Finch, a guide mentor of the novel, explains this to his children after they are gifted with air rifles for Christmas. Notably, the title of this American classic, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is taken from a seemingly insignificant excerpt. However, if read carefully, the reader begins to understand that this is just one other example out of a plethora of symbolism. Set in a Dep ression-era Southern town, Lee features various themes, though theRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagespossessions, such as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, ScoutRead MoreSymbolism, Tone and Mood757 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism, Tone and Mood: An Overview and Review What is a symbol? †¢ A  symbol is  an  ordinary  object,  event,  person,   animal,  or  color  to  which  we  have  attached  a  special   meaning  and  significance. †¢ So,  symbolism is  simply  the  act  of  attaching  inner meaning  to  outward  things. So what is Literary Symbolism? †¢ When  the  author  uses  an  object  or  reference  to  add  deeper   meaning  to  a  story.   †¢ Can  be  subtle  or  obvious,  used  sparingly  or  heavy† handedly.   †¢ An  author  may  repeatedly  use  the  same  object  to  convey  Read More Symbolic Mockingbirds Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolic Mockingbirds Symbolism is used extensively in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The theme of prejudice in the novel can be best perceived through the symbol of the mockingbird. Atticus advised his children that if they went hunting for birds to shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hitem, but remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird (96). Miss Maudie explains this further by saying that mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoplesRead MoreAnalysis Of Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird 1491 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee’s ​ To Kill a Mockingbird ​ is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although ​ To Kill a Mockingbird​ is regarded as a literary masterpiece in AmericanRead MoreEssay On The Book Of Job And To Kill A Mockingbird796 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to express multiple messages or themes in order to give the audience life lessons which can help them later on in life when they are faced with dilemmas. Furthermore many books express common themes but with different plots, characters, and conflicts. For example in The Book of Job, the author utilizes symbolism and invective language to reveal how anyone can become miserable after a tragedy, while in To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee employs symbolism and allusions to point out how a personRead MoreThe South : Controversial Topics On Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird1475 Words   |  6 Pagesin Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as a literary

Implications of Lifelong Learning Free Essays

string(110) " employees to be updated with the accomplishments and cognition needed to vie in a planetary economic system\." Harmonizing to the European Commission 2010 ‘the graduated table of current economic and societal alteration, the rapid passage to a cognition based society and demographic force per unit areas ensuing from an ageing population in Europe are all challenges which demand a new attack to instruction and preparation within the model of Lifelong Learning. ‘ This essay will analyze how Lifelong Learning has impacted Distance Education whilst turn toing the contested nature of the construct. An effort will be made to summarize and bring forth accounts for the enlargement of Distance Education. We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of Lifelong Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now An analysis of the benefits and drawbacks will be made with mention to current Distance Education enterprises. A focal point on Government policy and sentiments towards Distance instruction will besides be identified. Lifelong Learning is a contested and debatable construct and there are different positions of Lifelong Learning. A Progressive position believes that larning should be enriching to the person, leting changeless acquisition of new accomplishments and cognition to develop a individuals head. ‘Policy shapers and faculty members progressively argue that we are larning from the minute we are born, to be in the universe, to take our topographic point in society and adapt to alter as we pass through the different phases in our life. ‘ ( Dfee:1998 ) Others believe Lifelong Learning must keep the position quo whilst concentrating on ‘higher order ‘ acquisition. An instrumentalist position shows that employers want Lifelong Learning to suit to their concern and let them to vie in a planetary society. It can be argued that the Government promote Lifelong Learning in an effort to mend the bing instruction and developing systems and to reconstruct the economic system. Distance Education is rapidly going the most popular signifier of larning outside compulsory instruction. Distance instruction is a sub subdivision of Lifelong Learning as it promotes big instruction. ‘Distance instruction and developing consequence from the technological separation of instructor and scholar which frees the pupil from the necessity of going to a fixed topographic point, at a fixed clip, to run into a fixed individual in order to be trained. ‘ ( Valentine:1995 ) Distance Education is a manner of instruction that facilitates flexibleness of topographic point and handiness of clip. Rather than go toing day-to-day categories in colleges and universities Distance Education classs can be studied at place in a individual ‘s free clip. This allows people to prosecute Lifelong Learning whilst holding a household and fulltime calling. Distance Education started with correspondence survey and has expanded well as engineering has developed. ‘As computing machine engineering became prevailing in concern, the print based correspondence classs progressed to computing machine based preparation, which included simulations and finally synergistic class content that provided participant feedback and enhanced larning. ‘ ( Gaymer,2005 ) Educators and employers so invested in telecommunication equipment that distributed developing programmes to their pupils and employees. These synergistic telecasting programmes allowed employers and pedagogues to link to the scholars from across the state. The huge enlargement of the cyberspace has created the current assortment of distance acquisition which is on-line acquisition. The Distance Education motion started in the 20th century, as a consequence of a more industrialized society. There are legion environmental issues that are seting force per unit area on society to set about Lifelong Learning these include, ‘the abundant entree to information, rapid engineering alterations, increased planetary interactions, industry displacements, every bit good as increasing entry degree certificates and accomplishment demands. ‘ ( Gaymer, 2005 ) These factors collaborate in demanding people to invariably upgrade their accomplishments and cognition which can be done flexibly when taking a Distance Learning class. Distance Education gives grownups the chance to re-train in a field they are more interested in or derive a recognized making if they did non get one first clip about. Distance Learning besides allows people to come on in the workplace without go forthing full clip work as the class can be studied at place, in the pupils ain clip. It can be argued that it was Thatcherism that foremost encouraged society to take portion in Lifelong Learning and Distance Education. She greatly enforced the political orientation of taking duty for 1s self and it is the mistake of the person instead than society if a individual does non acquire involved in a skilled work force. Lifelong Learning, societal exclusion and the encouragement of larning are regarded as important by the current Conservative Government. The continuance of acquisition is regarded as necessary for the economic fight of a planetary society, the development of citizenship and increase engagement in a democratic society. Contemporary political relations such as the consecutive Labour Government introduced a assortment of Distance Learning enterprises in response to the demand for Lifelong Learning which creates an progressively educated society. The Union Learning Fund is an enterprise which offers fiscal aid to merchandise brotherhoods to promote larning at work. ‘ A ; lb ; 34 million over three old ages has been allocated for undertakings runing from basic accomplishments to go oning professional development. ‘ ( Anonymous.2010 ) There is besides UNISON which is an ‘informal grownup larning programme that has broadened rank engagement in womb-to-tomb acquisition, increased battle in workplace preparation, public policy and citizenship and helped ease paths into the brotherhood ‘s ain constructions. ‘ ( Barker, 1998 ) The Open University, Oxford Online and Learn Direct are Government backed enterprises that provide reputable establishments which allow people to derive recognized makings. The largest University in the universe is the Open University with 250,000 pupils enrolled. The Open University offers classs from A ; lb ; 115 which contrasts to the traditional classs offered by Universities and Colleges get downing from A ; lb ; 300. In an progressively competitory, employment environment it is overriding for people to invariably develop their accomplishments and cognition. These establishments allow people to go on there instruction on a flexible degree which develops the persons cognition, enhances career chances and facilitates concerns to vie in a planetary society. Businesss are progressively valuing Distance Education in the chase for Lifelong Learning as they require their employees to be updated with the accomplishments and cognition needed to vie in a planetary economic system. You read "Implications of Lifelong Learning" in category "Essay examples" Many of the universe ‘s administrations, both public and private, are promoting Lifelong Learning with regard to distance instruction as they believe that distance educational classs are mandatory in organizational fight. ‘India has created a new industry as an outsource locale for client service which creates client service developing chances in India. Korean makers have a solid history of placing corporate and educational spouses that satisfy their organisational educational demands. ‘ ( Gaymer,2005 ) Employers depend on go oning instruction in the signifier of Distance Education as a tool for guaranting a extremely skilled and knowing work force. The employer now has the ability to develop a big figure of staff in a short period of clip. They can ‘meet specialized demands which generic developing programmes do non fulfill. ‘ ( Rowntree,1994 ) .Online Courses are well cheaper than traditional schoolroom based survey. If the employer was non able to let go of the employee from work, the applier can analyze online in their ain clip. Companies that used distance acquisition identified, higher base on balls rates, line trough satisfaction, better keeping of information and increased chance for publicity. The employers besides reported fiscal betterments in 70 % of subdivisions, reduced client ailments and mistake rates in industry was down by 3 % . ( Rowntree,1994 ) It can be deduced from these findings that a little disbursal to the company by paying for distance instruct ion creates an copiousness of other benefits. Most instruction establishments such as Colleges and Universities now provide some signifier of Distance Education. As a consequence of a ‘reduction in public sector support, establishments now need to bring forth their ain capital from the private sector, in order to keep fiscal viability and to bring forth excesss for investing in new developments, markets and substructure. ‘ ( Anoymous,2007 ) Universities have responded to the alteration in the market as a consequence of Lifelong Learning and really few Universities offer no signifier of Distance Education. The benefits of Distance Education with respects to the suppliers include, cutting contact hours on bing classs and geting more usage out of bing installations. Supplying new chances for staff and catering for a greater figure of scholars without a proportionate addition in cost. Distance Education besides caters for a new type of scholar and exploits new beginnings of support. ( Rowtree:1994 ) Students choose Distance Education classs for, ‘job sweetening, upward calling mobility and personal enrichment. ‘ ( Bradley:2000 ) The benefits of set abouting a Distance Education class include increased entree. A figure of specialized classs are non available at some establishments so the pupil may hold to travel a great distance in order to finish the class if they chose the traditional schoolroom based survey. ‘Short modular bundles and accreditation of anterior acquisition may intend that scholars do non necessitate to pass clip and money on subjects they are already familiar with. ‘ ( Tait,1992 ) Private acquisition and anon. confab room treatments allows diffident students to set forward their thoughts without experiencing uncomfortable which may be the instance in a face to confront state of affairs in a schoolroom environment. There is more pick of what the single wants to larn and how they want to be assessed in distance instruction. It is besides a rgued that distance instruction classs offer a better quality of learning than conventional classs and supply single tutoring online. Despite the ample sum of benefits environing the field of distance instruction it can be argued that there are negative elements within this signifier of Lifelong larning. Increasingly classs are predisposed by industrial developments. Little accent is placed on what would profit the person ‘s personal cognition. ‘Those who wield economic power in society are improbable to promote critical, non-conformist thought. ‘ ( Stephenson,2001 ) It is argued that some signifiers of Distance Education facilitate censoring. There is grounds to propose that employers will merely fund those classs that have a direct consequence on increasing capital within the concern, irrespective of what is considered as utile to the employee. Government funded larning Centres and libraries are being affected by the popularity of on-line acquisition. Peoples are now acquiring their stuffs online, which means the smaller establishments are having fewer financess and in some instances are being s hut down. It is indispensable that the scholar is ‘self actuating, self directing and comparatively self sufficient ‘ ( Hogson:1993 ) in order to win in this type of Lifelong Learning. The hereafter of Distance Education looks set to be more advanced than it is today, ‘the abundant entree of information, rapid engineering alterations, increased planetary interactions, industry displacements every bit good as increasing entry degree certificates and accomplishment demands ensures that distance instruction will stay a valuable resource for directors in the hereafter. ‘ ( Gaymer.2005 ) There is an overpowering involvement in Lifelong Learning and technological developments along with limited clip, assures that larning will go on to be adaptable to the person. Learning progressively needs to suit to the pupils calling and place life due to clip restraints and competitory working environments. ‘The turning planetary economic system will go on to drive the development of larning activities that span geographical parts and clip zones leting persons around the universe to join forces and larn together. ‘ ( Mulhearn,2010 ) Lifelong Learning is a contested and debatable construct, different administrations have diverse positions as to what Lifelong Learning should embrace. Employers rely on Distance Education to make a knowing work force, following modern inventions which invariably need updating in order to vie globally. Educational Institutions rely on Distance Education to supply excess capital as the current Conservative Government is cutting funding in the instruction sector. Persons need to progressively prosecute in Distance Education to develop self cognition, take part in a competitory working environment and to heighten calling chances. Lifelong Learning, societal exclusion and the encouragement of larning are regarded as important by the current Conservative Government. Whilst Distance Education is viewed positively, there are negative elements to this assortment of larning. Increasingly classs are predisposed by industrial developments and minor accent is placed on what would profit the pers on ‘s personal cognition. Lifelong Learning can be interpreted ideologically in a assortment of ways, there is the publicity of personal development, inclusion and equality of chance in society. This type of womb-to-tomb acquisition is personally honoring for the participants, nevertheless there is no direct economic benefit. Alternatively there is a more instrumental attack that emphasises larning for economic benefit. This assortment of Lifelong larning focal points on employability, productiveness and efficiency. How to cite Implications of Lifelong Learning, Essay examples

A detective story Essay Example For Students

A detective story Essay The Hound of the Baskervilles is a detective story written by Conan Doyle, and it stars the most famous fiction detective character, Sherlock Holmes. Detective novels feature a conflict and contest between law and order, which is symbolised by the detective, and unlawful and disorder, symbolised by the criminal. Justice usually prevails at the end of a detective story, when the detective works out who the criminal is, and captures him/her. This shows the reader that wrongdoing can be overcome, and reassures the reader morally, and socially, that they are safe. Conan Doyles creation of Sherlock Holmes is very important to the Detective story genre. In many detective stories, they have copied Conan Doyle buy having; a brilliant detective with his not as intelligent sidekick, to assist his missions. The private detective is always a lot sharper than the slow-thinking policemen. The stories usually have red hearings, which lead he reader into thinking that they know whom the criminal reader, but are always wrong when the detective captures the true criminal. Every novel consists of characters, plot and setting, with setting not playing a great deal of a part in short stories. Conan Doyles detective stories focus on the main character, Holmes, the plot, and the puzzle of identifying the criminal. The plot is dialogue driven, as the plot is advanced through dialogue between characters. Puzzles were very popular during the time Sherlock Holmes books were released, resulting in a high popularity of the series. Another reason why the series was so popular is because there were always hints of supernatural life and horror in the novels, and people were fascinated with this. Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street, which is one of the wealthiest, and best places to live in London. London being the top city in the times of Sherlock Holmes, gives him prestige to live there. The setting in the Hound of the Baskervilles gives a geographical and physical context to the events, and atmosphere in the plot. Holmes and his assistant are part of the setting in the novel, as they bring a part of London wherever they go. The three main settings in this novel are 221B Baker Street, the home of Sherlock Holmes, Baskerville Hall, and Dartmoor. I will be discussing how these settings are presented to readers, and what sort of atmosphere they uphold. I will be mainly concentrating on Baskerville Hall, and the countryside of Dartmoor. Mainly Dr Watson, who accompanied Henry Baskerville to his new home, describes the setting in this story. The introduction of Dartmoor was a positive one, like some fantastic landscape in a dream, but later Watson contemplated the situation, and hinted menace to the reader, forbidding moor, suggesting the moor may be sinister. He also mentioned it would be a dangerous quest if a venture occurred on the moor. When Henry Baskerville walked upon the moor, soldierly men with rifles glanced at them. The military soldiers suggest potential violence. This prepares the reader for further events in the play. Baskerville later on meets a hard-faced gnarled fellow. Hard-faced, and gnarled has connotations of menace, and therefore the atmosphere becomes menacing to the reader. Dartmoor is described as having a gloomy curve, with jagged, and sinister hills. These adjectives have connotations of depression, and not anything being smooth, as if something is wrong. This description darkens the atmosphere, and prepares the audience for bad forthcoming events, which makes the reader feel a menacing atmosphere.

Affirmative Action Advantages and Controversy

Kerry vs. Bush essays

Kerry vs. Bush essays The many tasks an American President assumes upon appointment are perhaps the most challenging roles any individual can undertake. The President is the head of state of the country and; under the U.S. constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander in chief of the armed forces. According to the constitution, The President of the United States must take care that the laws be faithfully executed. The President directs the executive branch of the federal government and has important legislative and judicial powers as well. The American President is often hailed as the most powerful person on earth because of the superpower status of the United States. The current occupant is often one of the worlds most prominent figures. During the Cold War, the president was sometimes referred to as the leader of the free world, a phrase that is still used today (President of the United States. Wikipedia.org. Nov. 2004) Their names are George W. Bush and John Kerry this years main candidates for the Republican and Democratic parties. President George W. Bush is a steadfast Republican, labeled a compassionate conservative. Born to New Haven, Connecticut, Bush hails Midland, Texas as his home, as he grew up there. Bush earned his bachelors degree from Yale University in 1968 and served in the Military in the Texas Air National Guard. After obtaining his masters degree in Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 1975, and helping his father in his successful campaign, he began a thriving career in the energy business even purchasing the Texas Rangers Baseball Team in 1989. Bush was then elected governor of Texas and served six years in office (1994 2000). After a campaign in which he outlined sweeping proposals to reform America's public schools, transform our national defense, provide tax relie...

The Wonders Of Golf Good And Bad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Wonders Of Golf Good And Bad - Essay Example Golf is gaining in popularity a lot these days. With players like Tiger Woods and Tom Watson in the professional league earning millions of dollars and making golf gain immense recognition, the game has attracted many new comers from through out the world. Golf also has a lot of other advantages over other sports: Another plus point about this game for newcomers is that they do need partners to play with them. It can be played by a single individual. And unlike other sports such as football and tennis, there is also no upper limit on the number of players that can play at a time. For those people who need exercise but are limited by physical potential to play sports like tennis and squash can play golf. These people usually include middle aged and older men and women. Playing golf does not only provide for them good entertainment for passing time, it also provides to them physical exercise in the natural, outside as they have to walk at least a couple of miles all in the name of fun. Even though golf is gaining popularity through out the world, there still remain people who do not like the idea of a sport that does not demand much from its players physically. There still remains a crowd that believes that this game is more suited for older people than young athletes. The same points that go in favor of the game can be manipulated to go against it too. Young athletes who are attracted to this game must take into consideration that more aggressive games like tennis, squash, basketball etc. are more likely to keep them fit both physically and mentally. Another very important concern related to golf is its environmental impact. The construction and maintenance of the golf courses is very costly and uses up thousands of gallons of water and in today's world where there is scarcity of a resource like water, it is quite shocking. Conclusion There are many wonderful things about golf. It's nice being outdoors playing a relatively peaceful game in the open, under the sky, with the trees and beautiful scenery around. But it is clear that when it comes to physical exertion and fitness, the game does not have much to offer compared to the other games. Ultimately then, it depends on the player who has to make the choice between the different sports available to him and whether he chooses golf as a sport for himself or not, depends on his preferences. Works Cited 1) Adler, Ben. "The case against golf." 14 june 2007. www.commentisfree.guardian.co.uk. 26 may 2008 . 2) NYTimes. "Golf is growing in favor." 4 october 1891. query.nytimes.com. 26 may 2008 . 3) Jean Wyrics. Steps to Writing Well. 6th Edition, isbn#1-4130-0109-2.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Assignment Example In other words, patents give these inventors the right to keep a monopoly for twenty years. Monopolies are so important in this context because if they did not exist, an inventor would probably not receive any financial compensation for his or her work, since the imitators would steal it and flood the market with copied stuff, making the price collapse along with them. As a result, in a world without patents, a lot less people would invest their time, effort and money required to achieve new things. In order to remedy this situation, the nations all around the world offer inventors monopolies on patents. The result is much quicker innovation; an economic growth much more accelerated and at quicker speeds in the lifestyles. In truth, it is difficult to think about a more beneficial monopoly from the social view of patents (http://www.beginnermoneyinvesting.com/html/examples_of_good_monopolies_.htm). 2. USPS The maintenance of the USPS monopoly is good because provision of uniform subs idized mail service (particularly to remote areas) produces positive externalities that would be underproduced by a competitive market; and ii) provision of conventional mail services lends itself to "natural monopolies" in smaller markets. The USPS does not operate its enterprise in order to maximize profits, as would a conventional monopolist.

Develop strategic HRM plans and policies for an organisation Essay

Develop strategic HRM plans and policies for an organisation - Essay Example The main aspects which are identified include areas of recruitment and selections, training and development, communication programs, performance management systems and even conflict management. Besides implementing fairness in all of the above HR aspects it is recommended that the organizations provides a common platform for all in which they could voice any problem faced with regards to diversity. Hurdle free communication channels, instant and continuous support from executives for resolving diversity issues and grievances handling are particularly recommended. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 HRM plans and policies for an organization operating in the global business environment 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 11 Bibliography 15 Introduction Today’s organizations seek to attain excellence through diversity. However, the term diversity is often seen to raise controversy, confusion and complication. However, despite the various severe implications of dive rsity, organizations continue to encourage diversity at the workplace. This is primarily applicable for the large and multinational organizations which have multinational presence across all corners of the globe. The word diversity immediately brings to mind the differences in race and ethnicity rather than gender of the workforce. In other words diversity is defined as those human qualities and characteristics which different between individuals and groups but are existent in the people outside the group. It is rather important to realize that the concept of diversity includes very many different dimensions apart from age, gender, race, geographic location, religious beliefs, work experiences etc. These dimensions have important implications for performance and productivity, success and motivation and interactions among employees in the organization. It is important that organizations use these dimensions to their use and advantage rather than focusing on their elimination. That is why managing diversity has emerged as a popular concept in organizational scenario today and is widely practiced in almost all organizations; the multinational organizations in particular. They accept the fact that diversity contributes to the richness of the organization and enhances the quality of organizational life for groups and individuals. Today’s organizations take pride in workforce differences and use them to their own benefit. The project seeks to make an analysis of the various dimensions of diversity in organizations and their implications in organizational life. Based on the analysis it developed human resource management policies and practices aimed at managing a diverse workforce in the global organizations. Specific recommendations are provided in the form of strategic HRM plans for an organization which is expanding its presence in the global market. HRM plans and policies for an organization operating in the global business environment Organizations workin g in the global market must strive to create a harmonious and inclusive environment as it enhances their reputation as being favorable recruiters and allows them to attract and retain the best talents from the industry. The main aspect of managing a diverse workforce is to provide employees with the feeling of inclusiveness, rewarded and valued despite their differences. This helps to motivate them and attain their maximum engagement at the workplace. In a survey

English Literature Essays Shakespeares King Lear

English Literature Essays Shakespeares King Lear Select either two or three major speeches from the play King Lear (Shakespeare) and demonstrate, by close analysis, their relevance to issues in the play as a whole The two speeches I have selected from the play to conduct close analysis on are Lears speech in Act I Scene I (Lines 121 139) and Cordelias speech of Act V Scene VII (Lines 31-43). These two speeches are reflective of some of the strongest themes of the play: familial love, anger, wrath and, most of all perhaps, pride. The first speech is placed at the very beginning of the play just after Cordelia has refused to praise her father in the same over-effusive manner as her sisters, and Shakespeare conveys in a few short lines the almost uncontrollable anger of Lear: Lear: Peace kent! Come not between the dragon and his wrath. I love her most, and though to set my rest On her kind nursery We can note here the evocation of the dragon which, as Harold Bloom (1987: 90) tells us, is not only symbolic of the male, paternal anger but of the monarchy itself and recalls the Englishness of St. George. As if metonymic with the entire play, this symbol of royal wrath and anger is twinned with an image of childish reliance the nursery. The next lines however reverse this image juxtaposition as the aggressor, in the form Lear the dragon, is painted as the victim: Hence, and avoid my sight! So be my grave my peace, as here I give Her fathers heart from her.! The knot of guilt and innocence is one that recurs throughout the entire play but it is first suggested in this speech; for instance in the lines: Call Burgundy, Cornwall and Albany, With my two daughters dowers digest this third: Let pride, which she calls plainness marry her. We witness here what Freud called projection (1991: 213) or the imbuing of an emotion or character trait onto another person; it is Lears pride that we really see here, and Lears anger that dominates the entire first section of the play but the character himself deflects that onto the figure of his youngest daughter. Linguistically, the speech is suffused with exclamations (especially the first six lines) and the rhythms and lines themselves are short and staccato. There is also an alliterative use of harsh consonant sounds, for instance in the line my two daughters dowers digest this third (Act I, Scene I, Line 128) or The sway, revenue, execution of the rest (Act I, Scene I, Line 137). This sets Lears character as one that is unbending and proud; an important facet of the plays later narrative where his harmartia (to use Aristotles (1965) term) in the form of his paternal pride, is revealed and reversed. The speech ends with a foreshadowing of the narrative of the whole play: Beloved sons, be yours; which to confirm, This coronet part betwixt you. Here, Lear unconsciously evokes the rending apart of territory as he sets in motion the fissures and fractures in the fabric of the monarchy that the play examines. The speech by Codelia in Act V in many ways represents the reverse of Lears. It is here that Shakespeare underlines the notion of familial loyalty, of constancy and of love and comes after Cordelia has reiterated her dedication for her father. Had you not been their father, these white flakes Had challenged pity on them. Was this face To be opposed against the warring winds Straight away we can notice the change in tone here, the repetition of Ds, Vs and Rs in Lears speech has been changed to Fs and Ws, creating a more sonorous timbre evocative of Cordelias gentle nature and the spirit of reconciliation that runs throughout her speech. The imagery Shakespeare uses here is reflective of the mimetic use of Nature throughout the rest of the play; Cordelia mentions the winds, the dread-bolted thunder (Act I, Scene VII, Line 34), and the quick, cross lightening (Act I, Scene VII, Line 36) all of which reminds us of Lears exile on the moors and the suggestion that this represents, for Shakespeare, the uncontrollable forces of fate. As Jay Halio (2001: 37-38) suggests, the loss of control that is symbolically evoked by the image of Nature, is a result of the splitting of the Kingdom, that we have already looked with the Lear speech of Act I and only resolves itself at this precise point in the play. The latter parts of the speech hint at Cordelias role as a restorative force; she literally makes her father human again after the treatment he is given by her sisters: Mine enemys dog, Though he had bit me, should have stood that night Against my fire; and wast thou fain, poor father, To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlorn, In short and musty straw? Here Shakespeare layers image upon image of baseness and animality to suggest not only how far the King has been reduced but also how true and loyal Cordelia is. In the two speeches we have looked at here, we have seen many of the themes of King Lear and also some the plays complexity. The play is, at once we could assert, concerned with both pride and constancy, anger and gentleness, wrath and restoration and the two speeches I have selected show this in microcosm. Each one also represents important points in the character development of Lear himself; his initial rebuke of his daughter evoking the false pride of the all too powerful monarch and Cordelias speech prompting his character reversal. A close analysis of these two speeches reveals just how Shakespeare weaves grand themes and narratives into the very fabric, the very minutiae of his text, evoking in an audience an almost subconscious appreciation of philosophical and thematic intents. Works Cited Aristotle (1965), The Poetics, London: Penguin Bloom, Harold (1987), William Shakespeares King Lear, New York: Random House Freud, Sigmund (1991), The Essentials of Psychoanalysis, (London: Penguin Halio, Jay (2001), King Lear: A Guide to the Play, London: Greenwood Press Shakespeare, William (1982), King Lear, published in The Tragedies, London: Aurora pp.218-239

The Critics View of Edna Pontellier’s Suicide in The Awakening Essay

The Critics View of Edna's Suicide in The Awakening  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many ways of looking at Edna's Suicide in The Awakening, and each offers a different perspective. It is not necessary for the reader to like the ending of the novel, but the reader should come to understand it in relation to the story it ends. The fact that readers do not like the ending, that they struggle to make sense of it, is reflected in the body of criticism on the novel: almost all scholars attempt to explain the suicide. Some of the explanations make more sense than others. By reading them the reader will come to a fuller understanding of the end of the novel (and in the process the entire novel) and hopefully make the ending less disappointing.    Joseph Urgo reads the novel in terms of Edna learning to narrate her own story. He maintains that by the end of the novel she has discovered that her story is "unacceptable in her culture" (23) and in order to get along in that culture she must be silent. Edna rejects this muting of her voice and would, Urgo maintains, rather "extinguish her life than edit her tale" (23). To save herself from an ending others would write or an ending that would compromise what she has fought to obtain, she has to write her own end and remove herself from the tale. As she swims out, the voices of her children come to pull at her like little "antagonists," and there are others on shore who would also hold her down: Robert, Adele, Arobin, and Leonce. Edna finds a way to elude them all, and narrates in her suicide the conclusion to her tale. In this type of reading, her suicide can be understood in terms of societal pressure. What is the result of silencing a person's voice? Urgo maintains, on a symbolic level... ...g Sea': Freedom and Drowning in Eliot, Chopin, and Drabble." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 12 (1993): 315-32. Malzahn, Manfred. "The Strange Demise of Edna Pontellier." Southern Literary Journal 23.2 (1992): 31-39. Roscher, Marina L. "The suicide of Edna Pontellier: An Ambiguous Ending?" Southern Studies 23 (1984): 289-98. Showalter, Elaine. Sister's Choice: Tradition and Change in American Women's Writing. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1991. Skaggs, Peggy. "Three Tragic Figures in Kate Chopin's The Awakening." Louisiana Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the South 4 (1974): 345-64. Spangler, George M. "Kate Chopin's The Awakening: A Partial Dissent." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 3 (1970): 249-55. Urgo, Joseph R. "A Prologue to Rebellion: The Awakening and the Habit of Self-expression." The Southern Literary Journal 20.1 (1987): 22-32.

Black Swan, Cinema Paper

Sarah Risner Dr. Foley Cinema 19 November 2012 Black Swan â€Å"Black Swan† is a movie with a dark transformation of Nina the white swan metamorphosing herself into the black swan, with symbolism and psychosis playing well within the movie. Most of this movie plays into the world the ballerina, and exposes some of the hidden motives of this world. The other world this movie plays into is the world of someone with psychosis, and the mysteries that follow between both worlds. It seems the ballerina world feeds into the patient with psychosis and feeds the mental illness.After one watches this movie they will be horrified and troubled at the same time. The character of Nina will leave one trying to figure out the mysteries of Nina’s life. It actually leaves the audience with more questions than answers after watching the movie. The questions are what give the movie great success. The setting of â€Å"Black Swan† takes place in New York at a ballerina studio where Ni na and Lily are preparing for the production of Swan Lake. The plot of the movie is about Nina and her obsession with dance. Her mother is a former ballerina and is very controlling of her daughter.The dance director by the name of Thomas Leroy decides to replace the character Beth with Nina for the new season of Swan Lake. Nina is his choice, but he also has eyes for the character Lily. Nina feels competition between herself and Lily. Nina has an obsessive view between herself and Lily. This part is complicated because it means the character has to play both the white swan and the black swan. The white swan requires the ballerina to play a part of purity and elegance. The black swan part requires the ballerina to play a part of cunning and sexuality.Nina will go to the dark side of this character and it will drive her insane. Lily and Nina form a candid friendship which seems to be insane itself. The conflict of this movie is the inner struggle of Nina with her own personality wagi ng war against itself. The character change of this movie is with the main character of Nina. Nina starts out innocent and ends up exploring her dark side in order to turn herself into the character of the black swan. Some universal symbolism found in this movie is the use of the character Lily asNina’s doppelganger. The symbol is of course is the twin/double identity of Nina’s self. This embodies Nina’s good/evil sides of herself. Mirrors are used in the film to show Nina splitting into two different personalities. The cultural symbolism in this movie is seen in black and white symbolism. Black of course shows the dark side of Nina, and white the good side of Nina. It is shown with actual color within most of the movie though. The theme of this movie is the cost of fame, along with the dark sides of show business.It also shows complexities of trying to be perfect and how the stress of perfection can be one’s downfall. According to The Sticky Shoe Review by Logan Arney, says the Black Swan having a target audience is a bold statement. The reason for this being that the movie has attracted all kinds of people to watching it due to the Oscars and so forth. It has almost created its own target, or curious on-seekers just wondering what goes on in this film. The marketing of this film has many causes to it such as big names. The big acting names are Natalie Portman who stars in this film, director Darren Aronofsky.Aronofsky himself has directed big hits such as â€Å"The Wrestler†, â€Å"The Fountain†, â€Å"Requiem for a Dream†, and â€Å"Pi†. Natalie Portman has starred in big hits such as â€Å"V is for Vendetta†, and â€Å"The Other Boleyn Girl†. Adding to this list are the other two big actors being Vincent Cassel, and Wynonna Ryder and not to mention this film being the buzz at the Venice Film Festival of 2010. There is a lot of PR when this bag of names is mentioned (Mu). The script used in this film was written by Mark Heyman, Andres Heinz, and John McLaughlin. The story was written by Andres Heinz (IMDb).According to Tom Long, giving his critical response about this film, he believes the movie works due to Portman’s great commitment to character which gives the movie its greatness. He also admits this movie is not necessarily for everyone, but for anyone looking for the horror and craziness in a ballerina movie (Long). The mise-en-scene in â€Å"Black Swan† shows up as black and white color. For one, the costume of the dancers shows as black and white. The dress in the reception is black, as are the walls of the ballet company. The editing of this movie was done by Andrew Weisblum (IMDb).What made the editing so great in this movie was how the emotions were transferred on film while adeptly telling the good story. The lighting in â€Å"Black Swan† is very dramatic with tones of greens and magentas showing up within different characters, and of course the black and whites within the film. The music in this film is like any suspense thriller movie in that one knows something is about to happen when a scary tune starts to play. The sound effects seem to mimic the actual swan cry in some parts of the movie. This in effect makes the film very symbolic of the actual animal of a swan.This movie has many camera angles that clearly explore this movies symbolism. One of the high-angle shots of this film is when the character of Nina when she is dancing on stage, and she is looked down on by the audience. A good close-up shot are when it shows Nina’s feet and it shows how much control she has in her movement. A significant wide-shot in the movie is when we are in Nina’s bedroom, and there is light hitting the bed. The medium-shot in the movie that probably catches most everyone’s eye is when Nina is passing her other self on the subway.This movie uses mostly the fixed-camera. In conclusion, this movie clearly g oes beyond any limit set forth on most film. It has used more symbolism than other movies which makes it quite interesting. It also has the uncanny terroristic theme of terror imposed within it. One feels as if the ballerina world has been exposed while showing to what extremes the female ballerina will go thru to stay skinny, and be perfect. The black and whites of the film show to what extremes in which the ballerina will show herself through. Works Cited Arney, Logan. â€Å"Black Swan. The Stickey Shoe Review (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 http://stickyshoereview. com/? p=107 â€Å"Black Swan,† IMDb (2010): 1. July 20, 2012 < http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0947798/> Long, Tom. â€Å"Review: Natalie Portman soars in ‘Black Swan'† The Detroit News Opinion (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 < http://www. detroitnews. com/article/20101210/OPINION03/12100326/1034/ent02/Review–Natalie-Portman-soars-in–Black-Swan-> Mu, Jennifer. â€Å"Love this Black Swan Film Marketi ng,† Luminosity Marketing (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 < http://luminositymarketing. com/blog/? p=2616>

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

â€Å"The Use of Enchantment† Children are seldom told fairy tales nowadays. There are several story books for children with moral lessons to learn at the end of the book. There are many great kids books with standards of moral values, which are favorite for family education. With many books to choose from, children have astounding choices of reading materials. Together with classics, there are classic story books with the adventures of licensed characters, irony, and new story books with every possible topic.These books entertain children and teach them at the same time. Some books include brief history and science lessons. Other features of these books include dinosaurs and other animals. Some few books emphasize on the societal values and virtues like sincerity and honor. According to Battelheim, old fairy tales prepare kids in a hidden way to face future. Even though the children's subconcious does not desire to be interrogated, their conscious minds are willing to share w hat they learned from several fairy tales.For example, a book like ‘Red Riding Hood' teaches children to follow shortcuts through the forest. A book like â€Å"The Three Little Pigs† teaches hildren how they can live in brick houses in order to protect themselves from enemies. It helps children develop defensive mechanisms against harmful animals and other things. Other books like â€Å"Goldilocks† teach children that there is nothing, which is ever right. It educates children on the importance of acknowledging mistakes and correct them.In his book â€Å"The Uses of Enactment† Bruno wrote a lot about mental illness in children, and autism among other issues. Even though his views were highly held by lots of people, many people have now discredited Bruno's views. Many of Bettelheim's claims and credentials are now under scrutiny from both supporters and detractors. He applied the theory of Freudian on fairy tales for children. Bettelheim used the theory as the basis to explain the significance of symbolic and emotional messages to children.The author believed that when children read conventional fairy tales, they develop and mature emotionally. For those who tend to avoid the theory of Freudian, â€Å"The Uses of Enactment† is suitable for the translation of old stories. Some of the stories may instill fear in children's developing minds. Bettelheim's book not only examines imageries within the hildren's story books, but also compares them to other conventional symbols such as religious images and other storytelling styles.The Freudian theory is used in Bruno's book to provide n motivating enlightenment of the functions of old stories in the development of children. For example, in the book â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† the theme of transformation helps in illustrating fears and concerns among children. Together with the classic versions of kids' stories assessed, Bettelheim exams several variations of stories. He compar es and contrasts differences in various stories with their symbols. On the other hand, those who do not concur with Freudian theory will find several unanswered questions from â€Å"The Uses of Enactment. Generally, analyses by Bettelheim Bruno is essential in examining the importance of fairy tales to children's owtn These books expose kids to ditterent contexts, cultures, and themes. They also expose children to different character traits. These attributes are essential for the children's physical and psychological growth. The books teach the children to be creative and apply some of the books' attribute in while playing. They tend to imitate the characters in those story books while playing.

The Francophone Literary Movement (La Négritude)

The Francophone Literary Movement (La Nà ©gritude) La Nà ©gritude was a literary and ideological movement led by francophone black intellectuals, writers, and politicians. The founders of la Nà ©gritude, known as  les trois pà ¨res  (the three fathers), were originally from three different French colonies in Africa and the Caribbean but met while living in Paris in the early 1930s. Although each of the  pà ¨res  had different ideas about the purpose and styles of la Nà ©gritude, the movement is generally characterized by: Reaction to colonization: Denunciation of Europes lack of humanity, rejection of Western domination and ideasIdentity crisis: Acceptance of and pride in being black; valorization of African history, traditions, and beliefsVery realistic literary styleMarxist ideas Aimà © Cà ©saire A poet, playwright, and politician from Martinique, Aimà © Cà ©saire studied in Paris, where he discovered the black community and rediscovered Africa. He saw la Nà ©gritude as the fact of being black, acceptance of this fact, and appreciation of the history, culture, and destiny of black people. He sought to recognize the collective colonial experience of Blacks- the slave trade and plantation system- and attempted to redefine it. Cà ©saires ideology defined the early years of la Nà ©gritude. Là ©opold Sà ©dar Senghor Poet and first president of Sà ©nà ©gal, Là ©opold Sà ©dar Senghor used la Nà ©gritude to work toward a universal valuation of African people and their biological contributions. While advocating the expression and celebration of traditional African customs in spirit, he rejected a return to the old ways of doing things. This interpretation of la Nà ©gritude tended to be the most common, particularly in later years. Là ©on-Gontran Damas A French Guyanese poet and National Assembly member, Là ©on-Gontran Damas was the  enfant terrible  of la Nà ©gritude. His militant style of defending black qualities made it clear that he was not working toward any kind of reconciliation with the West. Participants, Sympathizers, Critics Frantz Fanon: Student of Cà ©saire, psychiatrist, and revolutionary theoretician, Frantz Fanon dismissed the Nà ©gritude movement as too simplistic.Jacques Roumain: Haitian writer and politician, founder of the Haitian Communist Party, published  La Revue indigà ¨ne  in an attempt to rediscover African authenticity in the Antilles.Jean-Paul Sartre: French philosoper and writer, Sartre assisted in the publication of the journal  Prà ©sence africaine  and wrote  Orphà ©e noire, which helped to introduce Nà ©gritude issues to French intellectuals.Wole Soyinka: Nigerian dramatist, poet, and novelist opposed to la Nà ©gritude, believing that by deliberately and outspokenly taking pride in their color, black people were automatically on the defensive:  « Un tigre ne proclà ¢me pas sa tigritude, il saute sur sa proie  » (A tiger doesnt proclaim its tigerness; it jumps on its prey).Mongo Bà ©tiAlioune DiopCheikh Hamadou Kane  Paul NigerOusmane Sembà ¨neGuy Tirollien

The Origins of American Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Origins of American Exceptionalism - Essay Example There are a number of arguments that have been developed that aims at explaining the history of the exceptionalism in America (Holland 53). Hector, a renowned historian, claims that the idea of exceptionalism in America did not occur because of power that America had. According to his view, America started from a very humble background. He claimed the history of America is very ironic as compared to that of the Europe. He claims that America had no great lords who possess everything, no great manufacturers employing thousands, and no great refinements of luxury. Principally, according to Hector, America did not had the kind of power it possess in the present time. However, because of its spirit of industry and work, America began to expand and grow economically, socially and other aspects of life began improving. According to hector, the phenomenon of exceptionalism came about due to the ability of America to accept the emigrants from other countries. Their elusively commercial habit s seem to divert the pursuit of science, proximity to Europe, literature, and arts, which allows them to neglect these pursuit without even relapsing into barbarism. American education, wants, and everything about him unites in drawing the native of the United States earthward. Farming was the initial economic activity that enabled most of the Americans to develop (Holland 63). Franklin is another great historian who made great effort towards finding out the source or history of exceptionalism. Most of his arguments were because the increase in the population of America is one of the main reasons making an American exceptionalism. He attributed the concept of exceptionalism to the fact that plenty of cheap land encourages people to have children and hence enhances the population of people. Franklin summarizes his argument by concluding that employment and better crop production techniques were some of the main factors that made America reach the current level (Ignatieff 13). He furt her states that there were extra foods that could b used to feed Americans and hence resulting in a strong nation that can rely on its own. Idea of diversification is also another element of exceptionalism. Franklin argues that prospect of good subsistence is another factor that played a role in making America an exceptional state as far as power is concerned. It is clear that most of the arguments made by Franklin are inclined to the means of earning a living. This means that the ability to provide for the children and the family is directly proportional to the power of the America. This is justified by the quote he made that state that America would not improve unless the new comers are more industrious and have mid frugality than the native. This statement means the main source of power in America is the hard work and industrious nature of the American. Unlike Hector, Franklin believed that increase in population compounded by hard work is the main source of exceptionalism (Holla nd 53). Drummer, another historian claims that the principle of exceptionalism can be traced back to the time of charter colonies. the reason why drummer fought for the charter colonies to remain is the fact that this colonies were from New England, which despite the fact that it didn’t produce sugar, it helps other islands that do, and without their assistance they could not make it to produce sufficient quantities and cheap enough to answer the markets in Europe. They was

How Managers Measure Organizational Effectiveness Research Paper

How Managers Measure Organizational Effectiveness - Research Paper Example own to cover the facets of organizational performance combined with the internal performance outcomes, which are directly influenced by the results of the effort (Zhou, Hong & Liu, 2013). The determination of the organizational effectiveness is thus an essential role of every organization in the 21st century that is driven by the desire to succeed and achieve the internal goals of the business. At the time an organization is formed, the managers must secure a continuing supply of resources from the organization’s environment. This will enable the business to operate continuously and achieve long and short-term goals. In this paper, a discussion of the important approaches that managers use to determine the initial mix of resources to adopt during the creation of the business will be discussed. The measure of organizational effectiveness is an essential process for any startup organization that desire to grow and enter new markets. As a result, either a number of tools have been developed for the measurement of effectiveness theoretically or empirically which make up part of the entire process of effectiveness determination. The judgment of performance in an organization is influenced by the group willing to determine the effectiveness, performance and the ability of the organization to achieve its objectives. Three approaches have been developed for the determination of effectiveness of an organization and can be utilized in the measure of new businesses whose operation parameters are still limited (Guest & Conway, 2011). In measuring the organizational effectiveness through the determination of the external resource approach, the ability of a business to secure, manage and control the valuable resources and skills from the external environment is measured. In resource based view, the firm’s ability to effectively utilize the available resources is measured to determine the likelihood of profitable performance in the future. In this approach, two assumptions

The Image Narrative Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Image Narrative - Research Paper Example â€Å"Manga artist Mizuki Shigeru (b. 1922), creator of the famous supernatural series GeGeGe no Kitaro, is one individual who could not be blamed for feeling like a victim.†1 In fact, Shigeru lost his left arm in the war but sees himself, it seems, reflected through his art in the way that the war was torturous and terrible. The key players in the text include Japanese officials, as well as one character we see throughout the panels. They are both parodied, and the character guiding one through the panels who is the main character acts as though he knows nothing about WWII. The cartoon character which is parodied in the panel definitely adds to the overall tone of the piece, giving War and Japan a slightly humorous bent, although little about War and Japan is really humorous. The topic of the cartoon is carnage, massacre, disaster, and war—at their worst. The suffering of the Japanese people is aptly portrayed in this graphic cartoon, bringing the reader to a very dark place. In this sense, it is understood why the cartoon is offensive to some people, both to the Japanese and those who are not Japanese. This cartoon disturbs the reader, but with an overall intent to educate—not just to shock. That is the redeeming value of this cartoon, is that it seeks to educate its readers about the horrors of war as it relates to Japanese history, pre- and post-World War II. This cartoon exemplifies the suffering of the Japanese in different eras, that is supposed to enlighten the reader as to why the Japanese have a certain mindset regarding the war and its effects. III. Second Set of Questions (150 words) Images echo each other in this piece in the sense that violence mirrors itself continually through the piece, not only talking about the Nanking Massacre—but contrasting that with the atomic bomb that dropped on Hiroshima and the carnage that resulted in that. Not only that but, we see the overlap and evolution of soldiers having been sent of f to the South Pacific and Burma from Japan to fight in WWII, an often unseen added element about the War that Shigeru sheds light upon. The images are fixed in terms of being frozen in time, but there is definitely a sense of movement in the images, giving oneself an idea that it is like watching a little movie of World War II from a Japanese viewpoint. The images are more ambiguous when it comes to larger overviews, like the Nanking Massacre and one jungle scenes seen later in the panel. IV. Third Set of Questions (600 words) Sensory stimulation is paramount to War and Japan. The rhythm and pacing is switched up. At first, Shigeru shows us graphic images, and then gives our eyes a rest between graphic images to process what we have just seen, and then the cartoon character narrator tries to explain what is going on in the mind of ordinary Japanese people, bringing the reader back to a sense of normalcy—right before the next image is proffered on-screen. The larger pattern o f movement overall is a wax and wane, bringing us in peaks and valleys to a crescendo of realizing what it means to be a true Japanese—to â€Å"stand tall.† In this way, the progression from panel to panel is very cyclical, nonlinear, and evocative of an emotional rollercoaster in which Shigeru engages us. The turning point of the entire â€Å"cartoon,† if it can be called that—since one usually thinks of cartoons as more humorous than grotesque—is the massacre that occurs after the Manchu people are worked like slaves

Graphics page Essay Example for Free

Graphics page Essay Whether they are interested in tennis, if they are a fan and what events or players would they like to visit if possible. (Interests) Whether or not the person is interested in purchasing such a product that I will be making, and if so why not? * Do they have any suggestions or preferences in what they would like to buy or view from this merchandise? Why is this? * Do they appreciate merchandise such as posters and banners to be colourful, jazzy, plain or dark? The persons coloured and style preferences perhaps. Do they prefer products to have lots of text information or do they not? If yes, what should the content be about? E. g. ) The product or the purpose? Â  What sort of images and logos would they prefer to view on these pages, and in what background? E. g. ) Artistic, photographic, computerized, etc what will create the best effects for people to appreciate it and be attracted to what it is aiming to the audience. Â  What sort of advertisement methods would most attract them to the product either to purchase it or to view it even? Information such as this provided in the questionnaire results will be very important for me to analyse and use when designing and making my merchandise. I will definitely need to consider it, otherwise there is no point in making these products in such ways that will not attract people, please them or catch their interest to follow the purpose of the poster. The reason for making something is for it to appeal to peoples preferences and the purpose of my tennis poster is to attract people to view it and realise the development of the state-of-the-art tennis stadium. The merchandise acts as examples of what they can purchase at this newly proposed stadium and helps to promote generally. Therefore, I will need to consider aspects such as colour, texture, size, special effects aswell as the type of imagery, content and textual styles I should use in order for it to be portrayed as worthwhile. Therefore the research is essential for this practical area of my project to be good and relevant.

Social services and the Maori

Social services and the Maori Contribute to discharge of residents from residential care Assessment task 1 The Te Tiriti o Waitangi is an agreement established between Maori and British government in 1840. The main function of this agreement is to provide the legislation system protection for Maori people live within New Zealand from four critical issues, which are protection, participation, partnership and permission. However, it does not have the limitation that only works for Maori people, in additionally for all regions of people that living in New Zealand, which specific requires social services. Partnership Social service organizations must ensure that the needs of Maori are taken into account when interacting with Maori or when creating policy that could affect Maori. One key way to do this is through consultation or even better having Maori representatives on the steering committee or their Board. Maori leadership and management should be consulted when organizational policies are being decided on in order to ensure that they allow Maori to have rangatiratanga over their taonga. Te Tiriti o Waitangi applies in social services by ensuring that all social services have a bi-cultural perspective and recognise Te Tiriti. Protection Social service organizations must respect the right of Maori to enjoy their taonga in social service settings. To be able to make important decisions that are in their best interests. For example Maori have the protected right to make choices (Self Manage) that best serve their culture, their people that line with tika and kawa, their traditions and customary practices. Participation/permission There must be service accessibility for Maori. Te Tiriti applies in social services that Maori models of well-being (Te Whare Tapa Wha or other Maori health models) are utilized rather than workers using western models when working with Maori. Maori must be free to speak Te Reo Maori and to participate in any Maori spiritual or cultural practices if they wish to do so. Having brochures in te reo for Maori clients. All social services as well as society must respect their privacy and ask for permission before implements any action that relates to Maori people. Assessment task 2 Assessment task 3 Assessment task 4 Assessment task 5 During the process from discharge planning process, i have fully followed the Treaty of Waitangi and policies and procedures from the service such as the privacy act, the human rights, the confidentiality protocols as well as the Treaty of Waitangi. We have made the consideration of the client’s status and maintain the privacy and personal safety. I have fully analysis the client’s personal status such as health history, personal behavior, habits. The case of PG, read more of the notes from his social worker regarding how social service theory applied in this case. Social work knowledge, skills, and values. Human development through the life span taking into account the impact on the emotional development of PG. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Services applying an understanding of the social service provision available. Organization and management in the social services understanding my role in the discharge process, and the decision making structure of the organization. For example‘Quality through whose eyes, What quality social work looks like to young people in care’s by Jonelle Crawford. Providing the opportunity for PG to say what she thinks, what she needs, and what is working for her. YUTING SHEN ID: 13010123 01-10-2014

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea Essay

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poe's The City in the Sea Always mesmerizing, Edgar Allan Poe's poems range from deep and depressing to dark and grotesque. Certainly this is true of his poem â€Å"The City in the Sea,† which is dark in tone and ambiguous meaning. What does it mean, and where did Poe come up with his concept? There are many possible answers to this question, and interpretations include the phallic and yonic symbols of Freudian theory and the idea of biblical cities as source material exist. Therefore, it seems that critics cannot agree on a definite explication for the poem. Alice Claudel posits that there are mystic symbols in the poem and states that: â€Å"One can piece bits together and form the general narrative from II Chronicles, II Kings, and Daniel, among others† (56). The idea that Poe took his ideas from the bible is well founded, but he was too complex a poet to make his poetry that easy or that obvious. Another writer, Dwayne Thorpe, suggests Poe had Christian doctrine in mind when he wrote the poem, contending that Poe's sources were biblical in nature (395). He continues: â€Å"identification of it [biblical source] casts some infernal illumination on his use of a Christian work to create a nihilistic vision† (395). This goes back to Claudel's biblical association, but Thorpe ascribes the city a darker, more sinister meaning. While many critics look at â€Å"The City in the Sea† through a Freudian or biblical lens, a deconstructive approach reveals the image of Death's inverted Necropolis. Deconstruction is the art of ambiguity. The theory posits infinite interpretations to literary works, with most of them just as creative as the work itself. With so many interpretations, no one ... ...ing only becomes more deeply hidden. The complex maze of twisting, turning, and doubling back of Poe's work, specifically â€Å"The City in the Sea,† makes the task of completely deconstructing it almost impossible. Works Cited Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 2003. Claudel, Alice M. â€Å"Mystic Symbols in Poe's ‘The City in the Sea.'† Papers on Poe: Essays in Honor of John Ward Ostrom. Ed. Richard P. Veler and Richard Beale Davis. Springfield, OH: Chantry Music Press at Wittenburg U, 1972. 54-61. Garrison, Joseph M. Jr. â€Å"Poe's ‘The City in the Sea.'† Explicator 48.3 (1990): 185-88. Leonard, Douglas N. â€Å"Poe's ‘The City in the Sea.'† Explicator 43.1 (1984): 30-33. Thorpe, Dwayne. â€Å"Poe's ‘The City in the Sea': Source and Interpretation.†American Literature 51 (1979): 394-99.

Learning Knowledge for Effective Performance Essay

It instills organizations with new ideas and information which is a essential component of learning organization. Peter Senge’s 5 disciplines are essential for a learning organization. Systems Thinking is the crucial discipline which brings all the other factors together into a balanced theory and practice. Figure 1: The 5 Basic disciplines of a learning Figure 2: â€Å"The Fifth Discipline† by Peter organization Senge It allows organizations to see the big picture and differentiate learning patterns within the organization. Using this principles, organizations can work with a system to create solutions to challenging problems in every field as Senge believes that current problems are results of solutions that were applied in the past. Systems thinking involve learning to distinguish general behaviours and create new ones to familiarize with special terms and tools that aid decision making and also allow employees to participate in decision making. It also helps managers to detect repetitive patterns such as common ways of solving problems, present goals and policies that restricts the growth of the organization. It is similar to single-loop learning. Although it takes time to be implemented, it promises a wide range of benefits to companies and improve overall achievement (Delio, 1998). Toyota For example, TPS (Toyota Production System) is an approach created by the founder of Toyota, his son and his engineer that manages logistics, manufacturing and interactions between customer and supplier. TPS was created to bring consistency to the system and enable an effective production process, which eliminates waste. As a result, TPS worked well and has increased production and improved quality of cars. The system has made what Toyota is today: a leader in the automotive manufacturing and production industry.   Personal mastery is the discipline that describes personal growth and learning. Individuals who have a high degree of personal mastery are continuously seeking learning opportunities because they â€Å"are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence and their growth areas† (Senge, 1990). Their self-improvement and self-discovery abilities motivate a learning organization as they are self confident and have great commitment and responsibility towards work. Personal mastery allows one to distinguish what is important and picture the real world more clearly. Therefore, managers must help to create the environment to change by creating an atmosphere that promotes personal mastery within organization where employees should feel comfortable to create personal visions. Managers who are serious in delivering personal growth will send a powerful message to his or her employees. Disney At Disney, successful films are not made only from the ideas of managers. In fact, the top management attends an event called ‘Gong Show’ three times a year where an employee at any level is encouraged to throw ideas and story lines. Employees at Disney feel comfortable to create their personal vision. Managers then respond immediately and reward the employee. The results would be an extraordinary concept of animated film.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mental models are deeply held internal images of how the world works, images that limit us to familiar ways of thinking and acting† (Senge, 1990). Mental models are the way how one sees things, learn and react to situations on a daily basis. Generally, people do not do what they say but they behave according to their mental models. Mental models are very important in an organization because it is relates to consequences that occur. It is rather difficult to develop systems thinking if mental model is fixed in past experiences. For example, a manager will find it difficult to handle with interpersonal problem in the organization if he or she has a different perception on an employee. Many organizational learning fail when managers ignore the power of mental models. When managers in an organization develop the ability to work with mental models, it will be necessary for employees to learn new skills and orientations. Both systems thinking and mental models fit together as systems thinking concentrates on how to modify assumptions in order to show causes of problems and mental models look at revealing our hidden assumptions (Taggart. J, 2009). Therefore, it is worthless for managers to engage in systems thinking until their mental models change. Apple Japan Apple introduced the concept of learning organization into their workplace. Apple was advised to embark upon the Five Disciplines which are important to a learning organization. Each employee had a mental model of the way the organization operates. The learning process was more efficient when each employee’s mental model was brought in-line with the rest. Managers at Apple also encouraged Personal Mastery to staffs to place reasonable goals. The essential discipline was Systems Thinking, where it facilitated each employee to make decisions, taking the whole system into account, instead of analyzing specifically on their own problems. All the 5 disciplines were implemented through a program of education and it marked improvement in sales and growth. (Adapted from: Case Studies of the Learning Organization, n. d. ) SHARED VISION Senge’s (1990) shared vision is not an idea but a deeply embedded belief shared by many that provides focus and is a vital part of generative learning. Shared vision is derived from personal vision. Therefore, managers should encourage employees to develop personal vision so that organization’s vision succeeds as both vision are engaged. It provides the focus and energy for learning making it an important component of a learning organization. Shared visions encourage new ideas and concepts within organization while encouraging experimentation. Senge claims that managers should understand that their high position in an organization does not mean that their personal vision is also the organization’s vision. Although visions are mostly visualized by top management, it is not consider a shared vision until others in the organization connect it with their personal vision. General Motors In General Motors (GM), a group of executives decided to implement a new approach in automobile manufacturing as well as a new friendly working environment. Pfeffer and Sutton (2000), discuss creating an organizational learning environment with a shared vision in a case study based on Saturn. The Saturn employees were labeled as risk takers. Later, these staffs sought and embraced a systemic change in Total Quality Management . As a result, Saturn developed into a successful car company due to its shared vision among employees. TEAM LEARNING Team learning is where a group of people work together to create results that they truly desire. Team learning is built on the discipline of personal mastery and shared visions but these alone are not enough to act wholly. Team learning involves two primary ways of communication among members which are dialogue and conflict. These are essential ingredient for learning. Dialogue among members in a team creates a language that helps deal with difficult situations and focus on structural issues. It helps members to learn how to recognize the patterns of interaction which provides an opportunity for members to interact with one another and discover possibilities. Conflicts is a norm in team and teams must know how to deal with disagreements well. A well handled conflict is important in a team as t often leads to effective brainstorming and problem solving matters. According to Senge, 1990 â€Å"the difference between great teams and mediocre teams lies in how they face conflict and deal with the defensiveness that invariably surrounds conflict. † General Electrics An example here is Jack Welch, CEO of General Electrics ( GE) came up with a solution call the Work-Out program to ‘clean upâ€℠¢ GE and improve productivity. It got every employee to get involved in challenges and problems. It has adapted a learning culture among employees which make GE a learning organization. As a result, GE increased its market share from $13 billion in 1981 to $500 billion in 2000. Figure 3: The Work-Out program implemented in 1981 increased Market capitalization by $487 billion.   Figure 4: Kolb’s Cycle of Experiential LearningDEFINITION Concrete experienceConcerned with something that has happened to you or that you have done. Concerned with adopting your new ideas into practice. Reflective ObservationConcerned with reviewing the event or experience in your mind or exploring what you did and how you, and others feel about it. Abstract ConceptualizationConcerned with developing an understanding of what happened by seeking more information and forming new ideas about ways of doing things in future. Active ExperimentationConcerned with trying out the new ideas as a result of the learning from earlier experience. Table1: Brief definitions of Kolb’s cycle of Experiential Learning. Figure 4 and Table 1 adapted from ‘Reflection on and in the workplace by L Allin and C Turnock, 2007. One may begin at any stage, but must follow each other in the sequence: †¢concrete experience (or â€Å"DO†) †¢reflective observation (or â€Å"OBSERVE†) †¢abstract conceptualization (or â€Å"THINK†) active experimentation (or â€Å"PLAN†) Kolb, an American educational theorist explains how experience is translated through reflection into concepts, which is then used as a guide for current and new experimentation. This can be applied in the several forms of informal and formal learning in the organization where learning becomes more effective as employees gets hands on experience on the knowledge they have gained. It also improves performance at workplace and influences the behavior of the learner and as such employees can enhance their performance as they are able to understand and learn better. Learning increases ability to contribute to the organization’s success. It also contributes to a better understanding, increases communication, improves quality of decision making within organization. Organizational learning is essential for innovation ( Laundry, 1992). Innovation is vital for organizations to survive in the competitive world today. Organizations are required to think out of the box and practice continuous learning to remain top in the market. Organizational learning has affected performance of individuals as well as organization as a whole in a positive way. Most firms these days are categorized as learning systems. Organizations such as Fiat, Toyota, Motorola and a few others have improved tremendously after learning took place. They had both formal and informal ways of knowledge acquisition, sharing and implementation of knowledge and skills. Motorolo today is a well developed organization because of its learning processes and culture where employees are fully committed to total quality management. Organizational learning fosters a great opportunity for meeting goals, visions and values. Here, a manager plays a huge role not only as a charismatic leader but also as a motivator that guides employees towards change, shapes the design and structures of the organization and overall creates a positive impact on the organization. The factors that add to effective performance through organizational learning are the skills developed by employees, resources that are available in helping them learn, reward system given by employers, environment and culture. Competitive advantage is a strength a company has over their rival firms. It is an bility to operate at minimum cost, produce quality goods, and invest in Research and Development. Through organizational learning, a firm can develop the necessary knowledge that is vital for effective performance. Intrinsic knowledge can also be applied in organizational learning. Intrinsic knowledge is the knowledge which resides within the organization in terms of work relationships, attitudes and behavior. They are difficult to transfer f rom one to another. Employees in a company which has developed strong intrinsic knowledge will be able to use them in the operations and gain productive performance. It will help them to show a higher proactive personality together with commitment. It becomes a competitive advantage to the firm as it will be hard for competitors to follow. Federal Express’s efforts and approach of investing heavily on team learning among employees has enhanced quality and gained success. It is the ability of the firm to practice continuous learning that made it what it has become today. Although learning is a slow process, once initiated, it feeds on itself and will continue to grow and improve efficiency of employees. Today, more organizations are realizing the importance of learning to be successful in their respective markets. Knowledge within learning organizations must be discovered and shared among employees so they can work in a team to enhance problem solving, decision making and response to challenges. Therefore, managers in organizations should take the necessary steps to shift from organizational learning to a learning organization. Organizations such as Totoya, GE, Disney and others are clear examples of how learning efforts have helped these firms to achieve high performance and compete against competitors in the 21st century.

Trial and Error

Trial and error is an experimental method of problem solving, repair, tuning, or obtaining knowledge. â€Å"Learning doesn't happen from failure itself but rather from analyzing the failure, making a change, and then trying again. † This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem solving and is contrasted with an approach using insight and theory. However, there are intermediate methods which for example, use theory to guide the method, an approach known as guided empiricism.The nature of the response is molecular in trial-and-error learning and molar in insightful learning. Practice and repetition are extremely important in trial-and-error learning, while insightful solution is important for insightful learning. Of course, certain amount of trial- and-error occurs before insight takes place. But the trial-and-error form of learning primarily does not involve insight. The physical and motor skills are acquired mostly through trial-and-error.The insightf ul learning is of higher order, and is involved in cognitive and verbal learning. The cats in the key experiments conducted by Edward Thorndike were able to learn through operant conditioning. In Thorndike's experiment, cats were placed in a various boxes approximately 20 inches long, 15 inches wide, and 12 inches tall with a door opened by pulling a weight attached to it. The cats were observed to free themselves from the boxes by â€Å"trial and error with accidental success.In one test the cat was shown to have done worse in a later trial than in an earlier one, suggesting that no learning from the previous trials was retained in long-term memory. The scientist considered the cat to have the capacity for learning due to the law of effect, which states that responses followed by satisfaction (i. e. a reward) become more likely responses to the same stimulus in the future. An experiment was conducted in 2009 where cats could pull on a string to retrieve a treat under a plastic scr een. When presented with one string, cats had no trouble getting the treats.When presented with multiple strings, some of which were not connected to treats, the cats were unable to consistently choose the correct strings, leading to the conclusion that cats do not understand cause and effect in the same way that humans do Thorndike was skeptical of the presence of intelligence in cats, criticising sources of the contemporary writing of the sentience of animals as â€Å"partiality in deductions from facts and more especially in the choice of facts for investigation. Research was made to identify possible observational learning in kittens.Kittens that were able to observe their mothers performing an experimentally organised act were able to perform the same act sooner than kittens that had observed a non-related adult cat, and sooner than the ones who, being placed in trial and error conditions, observed no other cat performing the act. Experimental investigation of primates show th at the chimpanzee possess some limited insight in regard to observational learning (see Kà ¶hler), whereas this capacity is wholly absent in the domesticated cat Sultan, one of the brightest of the early chimpanzees used for psychological research, was tested by Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kà ¶hler.Sultan is particularly recognized for his insight in solving numerous problems, including stacking or manipulating boxes to reach a reward and use of two sticks as a unit to rake food to a reachable distance. While other Chimpanzees in Kà ¶hler's study were also quite adept at problemsolving—namely, obtaining an out-of-reach fruit suspended above a playground or perched just beyond arm's reach outside the bars of a cage—Sultan proved to be peculiarly advanced.He and his peers were also known to stack crates to reach the fruit, and even scramble up a hastily balanced stick to grab the banana before falling back down. Chimpanzees helped Kà ¶hler to prove that animals are capable of learning beyond simple trial and error, and that, given the right conditions, many species—particularly the more â€Å"human† species of primates—will demonstrate a deeper understanding of the constituents of a problem. For example, several chimpanzees who had proven capable of reaching the banana via a stack of crates found that in a crateless room, a table or chair worked to meet the same end.When nothing else was available, Kà ¶hler himself could even be used: â€Å"On one occasion, Sultan did something even more impressive: he came over to Kà ¶hler, pulled him by the arm until he was under the banana, and then showed that in a pinch even the director of the Prussian anthropoid station would do as a climb-upon-able. † (Gleitman 2004) difference insightful learning involves perception of the whole situation, as the organism has to see the relationship among various stimuli. The nature of the response is molecular in trial-and-error learnin g and molar in insightful learning.Practice and repetition are extremely important in trial-and-error learning, while insightful solution is important for insightful learning. Of course, certain amount of trial- and-error occurs before insight takes place. But the trial-and-error form of learning primarily does not involve insight. The physical and motor skills are acquired mostly through trial-and-error. The insightful learning is of higher order, and is involved in cognitive and verbal learning. The two forms of learning differ with respect to the role of the organism in the learning situation.Animals lower in the phylogenic scale acquire through trial and error. Their role in the learning situation is only mechanical and passive. The organism's approach in trial-and-error consists of random blind activities and the solution comes by chance. On other hand, the organism in insightful learning, surveys, inspects, observes, and examines various aspects of the problem situation, and t hereby takes an active role in learning. Higher- order animals including chimpanzees and human beings are capable of insightful learning.Both the trial-and-error and the insightful learning differ with respect to the strength of learning. The trial-and-error learning is more or less temporary, depends on continued practice, and weakens when practice is discontinued. The insightful solution, once acquired, stays for a long time and does not easily fade away when the practice is discontinued. Finally, in trial-and-error, the transfer of learning is poor; skills acquired in one situation are not easily transferred to another situation.On the other hand, learning by insight is easily transferred from one situation to other similar situations. The cat in Thorndike's puzzle box learns to connect a response with a stimulus, which is subsequently rewarded. The learning by trial-and-error is a matter of S-R connection. Kohler's chimpanzee learns to perceive the relationships between various aspects of the stimulus situation. Establishing the relationship between one stimulus and the others forms the core of the insightful learning.The insightful learning is of S-S type. The trial-and-error learning is gradual. The cat in Thorndike's puzzle box takes a number of trials and learns step-by-step to reach the correct response. The insightful learning occurs all on a sudden. The organism moves from a state of no solution to a state of solution very quickly. While pulling the string in Thorndike's puzzle box, the cat is showing responses to only some specific stimuli. It does not have to attend to the whole stimulus field.